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31. Utrimque, on both sides; i. e., of his own forces, from his position in the centre of the enemy's line.-Ex lateribus, on the flånks ; i. e., the inner flanks exposed to him by the breaking of the centre. 32. In primis, among the foremost; construe with pugnantes. 36. Cerneres, you might have seen. G. 486, III. 4.

1. Quem locum, eum = eum locum quem.

2. Quos medios, etc., whom, stationed in the centre, the pretorian cohort had separated. See preceding page, line 29.

6. Etiam spirans, still breathing.

9. Juxta pepercerant; lit., had spared alike, i. e., not at all; render, had been alike unsparing of.

11. Strenuissimus quisque; G. 458, 1.

15. Alii, pars; in partitive apposition with multi.

17. Laetitia, maeror, joy and sorrow, as involuntarily expressed in look and action. See note on gaudium, laetitiam, p. 101, line 16.Luctus atque gaudia, mourning and exultation; i. e., sorrow and joy as intentionally expressed in word and deed. Gaudium in the Sing. is simply the inward feeling, but the Plur. gaudia denotes instances of the feeling, concrete expressions of it, or exhibitions of it. Notice also the inverted order in luctus atque gaudia in contrast with laetitia, maeror. G. 595,

CICERO.

From a bronze medal struck by the town of Magnesia in Lydia.

p. 358.

NOTES

ON THE

ORATIONS OF CICERO.

ORATIONS AGAINST CATILINE.

THE Introduction to these orations is given on pages 305 to 309, in connection with the general account of the Conspiracy of Catiline. It should now be carefully reviewed.

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FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE, DELIVERED BEFORE THE SENATE IN THE TEMPLE OF JUPITER STATOR, ON THE SEVENTH OF NOVEMBER, 63 B. C.

I. INTRODUCTION. I.

ANALYSIS.

II. CATILINE DESERVES THE PUNISHMENT OF DEATH IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS AND PRECEDENTS OF ROME. II.

III. EXPOSURE OF THE MOVEMENTS AND PLANS OF THE CONSPIRATORS. III., IV.

IV. EXHORTATION TO CATILINE TO LEAVE THE CITY WITH HIS AcCOMPLICES.

V.-X.

V. REASONS FOR ALLOWING SUCH A CRIMINAL TO LEAVE THE CITY. XI., XII.

VI. CONCLUSION. XIII.

I. Introduction. The Audacity of Catiline in appearing in the Senate. His Crime merits Death.

1. Quousque...nostra. Observe the abrupt and impassioned beginning of the oration, explained by the fact that Catiline the conspirator had just taken his place in the senate. See Introduction p. 307.Tandem, pray. This idiomatic use of tandem, expressive of impatience and surprise, is not uncommon in Cicero's orations.—Catilina; G. 602, VI.-Patientia; G. 419.

2. Quam diu, quem ad finem; synonymes with quousque, referring to time. Quam diu, how long, giving prominence to the duration of the action, quem ad finem, like quousque, how long, lit. to what end, limit, calling attention to the end of the action.—Etiam =et jam, even now still. Quam diu etiam, how long still, i. e., how much longer.— Iste tuus, that of yours. G. 450.—Eludet, display its mockery, synonyme with sese jactabit, in the next line.

3. Nihilne; G. 380, 2; 457, 3. Observe the difference between nihilne (not at all ?) and nonne (not ?).—Nihilne, nihil (line 4), nihil (line 5); a fine example of the figure anaphora. G. 704, II. 3.—Nocturnum, nightly, i. e., by night, not, night after night.

4. Praesidium Palatii. The Palatine Hill, south of the Forum, was a very commanding position, and was accordingly guarded in times of public alarm.-Timor. See Syn. L. C. 305.

5. Munitissimus locus. The senate was convened in the temple of Jupiter Stator, situated on the ascent to the Palatine. The temple was