turbatio tanta, ut major timor oriatur? unde etiam nomen ductum est tumultus. Itaque majores nostri tumultum Italicum, quod erat domesticus; tumultum Gallicum, quod erat Italiæ finitimus; præterea nullum nominabant." 858. sistet, shall set firm (contrasted with tumultu). — eques : the most celebrated exploits of Marcellus were with cavalry. 859. Quirino, the Sabine god of battles (identified with the deified Romulus), to whom the spolia opima were consecrated. 865. instar (this word had originally a sense similar to standard, sta, etc.), in himself how noble ! 868. gnate: the antique spelling is thought to be preferred by Virgil in solemn discourse. 869. ostendent tantum: the young Marcellus, son of Octavia, sister of Augustus, died in his twentieth year. 872. quantos virum gemitus, what griefs of strong men!· Mavortis urbem, Rome, the city of Mars. 873. quæ funera: in the funeral procession of the young Marcellus, there were six hundred couches containing the images of his illustrious kindred. The funeral was on the Campus Martius. 876. spe tollet avos, shall elate with hope his forefathers, who are supposed to be conscious of his merits while in the shades below. ... 881. seu armos, or spur the flanks of the foaming steed, repeating the allusion of v. 858. 883. tu Marcellus eris, thou shalt be Marcellus, when born upon earth; or a Marcellus, worthy of so illustrious a name. A celebrated anecdote relates that, when Virgil recited these lines before Augustus, Octavia swooned; and on her recovery ordered 10,000 sesterces to be given to the poet for each of the verses in which mention was made of her son. = 887. aeris campis the shadowy fields, the light of which is neutral, neither sun nor shade. 889. famæ . . . amore, with desire of the coming glory. 893. geminæ portæ : this description of the horn and ivory gates is taken from the words of Penelope to Odysseus (Od. xix. 562-567). In the Greek, the fulfilment or non-fulfilment of the dream is hinted by a play of words (κέρας, κραίνω; ἐλέφας, ἐλεφαίρομαι). There is no such significance in Latin; and Virgil appears to have adopted the imagery as part of the Homeric tradition, and also to hint at another passage from the land of dreams than that by which Æneas had entered. By those who think this book a symbolic ex hibition of certain mysteries, the legend of the Gates, with the dismissal of Æneas from the ivory one, is considered a warning that the language may not be taken literally, or understood except by the initiated. —fertur, is reported (citing the above legend). 900. recto litore, along the shore. LIST OF PLANTS Taken principally from Fée's Flore de Virgile. names added are those of Linnæus. The botanical Æ. Æneid.-C. Ciris. Cul. Culex.- Cop. Copa.-E. Eclogues.-G. Georgics. ABIES (nigra), fir, a hardy mountain evergreen tree (E. vii. 66). ACANTHUS (mollis), bear's-foot, a thorny shrub (E. iii. 45): a conventional form of the leaf appears on Corinthian capitals; (semper frondens, G. ii. 119), an unknown foreign tree. ACONITUM, monk's-hood, a well-known poisonous herb (G. ii. 152). ESCULUS Esculus. = ALGA, sea-weed, also fresh-water confervæ (E. vii. 42). ALLIUM, garlic, a rank edible bulb, like the onion (E. ii. 11; M. 88). ALNUS, alder, a tall slender tree-like bush, growing near the water (E. vi. 63; G. ii. 110): Betula alnus. AMARACUS, sweet marjoram, a fragrant herb (Æ. i. 693). AMARANTHUS, Coxcomb (amaranth=unfading), an agreeable flowering plant, retaining its color when dry, and used for wreaths in winter (C. 405): Celosia cristata. AMELLUS (pratensis), purple starwort, a meadow flower (G. iv. 271). ARUNDO, reed, a riverside plant, with hollow stem, used for musical BACCAR, fox-glove, an herb with purplish flower and fragrant root (E. iv. 19): Digitalis purpurea. BALSAMUM, balsam, a fragrant oriental resin (G. ii. 119), probably of several different sorts, especially Amyris opobalsamum. BETA, white beet (M. 72): Beta cicla. BOCCHUS, an unknown plant (Cul. 405). BUMASTUS (=Cow's udder), a grape of extraordinary size (G. ii. 102). BUPHTHALMUS, ox-eye camomile, a plant used in dyeing (Cul. 405). BUXUS (BUXUM), box, a hard yellow wood fit for turning (G. ii. 449), or the flute made from it (Æn. ix. 619): Buxus sempervirens. CALTA (CALTHA), perhaps marigold, a yellow flower of strong fragrance (E. ii. 50): Calendula officinalis? CARDUUS, thistle (E. v. 39; G. i. 151): Centaurea solstitialis ? CAREX (CARECTUM), reed-grass, a tall coarse sedge (G. iii. 231). CASIA, cinnamon (G. ii. 466); mezereon, a medicinal shrub, with fragrant pink flowers (E. ii. 49; G. iv. 40): Daphne Gnidium. CASTANEA, chestnut (E. i. 82, ii. 52; G. ii. 15, 71): Fagus castanea. CEDRUS, cedar, especially valuable for carpentry (G. ii. 443, iii. 414). CENTAUREUM, centaury, a kind of gentian, with fragrant root (G. iv. 270): Centaurea centaurium. CEPA, red onion (M. 84). CERASUS, cherry (G. ii. 18): Prunus cerasus. CERINTHA, honey-wort (G. iv. 63): Fr. melinet: Cerinthe major. CHRYSANTHUS, chrysanthemum (C. 404), perhaps of several kinds. CICUTA, poison-hemlock; more generally, any umbelliferous herb with hollow stalk used for pipes (E. ii. 37): Cicuta virosa. COLOCASIUM, Egyptian bean, a superb water-lily (lotus); or a humbler plant, wake-robin (E. iv. 20): Arum colocosia. CORIANDRUM, coriander, an aromatic garden seed (M. 90). CORNUS, cornel, a small tree with very hard wood and harsh astringent berries (G. ii. 448): Cornus mas. CORYLUS, hazel (E. v. 3): Corylus avellana. CROCUS, yellow crocus (G. i. 56): Crocus sativus. CRUSTUMIUM, a pear from Crustumerium (G. ii. 88). CUCUMIS, cucumber (G. iv. 122). CUCURBITA, pumpkin (M. 77): Cucurbita pepo. CUPRESSUS (CYPARISSUS), cypress (E. i. 26), a hardy and noble mountain evergreen, of sombre foliage: Cupr. sempervirens. CYTISUS, medicago, a plant valuable, like clover, for cattle and bees (E. i. 79, x. 30): Medicago arborea. DICTAMNUS, dittany, a plant with purple flowers, described in Æn. xii. 412-414: Origanum dictamnus. DUMUS (DUMETUM), bramble (G. i. 15). EBENUS (EBENUM), ebony, a black beautiful oriental wood (G. ii. 117): Diospyros Ebenaster (König). EBULUS, elder, a water-loving plant, having clusters of black berries with blood-red juice (E. x. 27): Sambucus ebuius. EDERA, ivy (HEDERA). ELLEBORUS, hellebore, an herb with medicinal root, used as a cure for madness (G. iii. 451): Helleborus niger. ERUCA, rocket, a plant whose seeds were used like mustard, as a flavor (M. 85): Brassica eruca. ESCULUS, oak, a tall Italian oak, with edible acorns (G. ii. 16, 290): Quercus esculus. FABA, bean (G. i. 215): Vicia faba. FAGUS, beech, a spreading, shady, forest tree, with smooth bark, and small triangular nuts, used as food (E. i. 1): F. silvatica. FAR, wheat, especially spelt, or large bearded wheat (G. i. 73, 219). FASELUS (PHASELUS), haricot or kidney-bean, climbing, ornamental, productive (G. ii. 227): Phaseolus vulgaris. FERULA, fennel, a large herb with strong hollow stalks (E. x. 25). FOLIUM SERICUM, mulberry-leaf (G. ii. 121): Morus alba. FRUMENTUM, winter-wheat: but used for grain generally (G. i. 315). Fucus, a seaside lichen, used as red dye; propolis or bee-glue, so called from its purplish color (G. iv. 39). GALBANUM, a resinous fragrant medicinal gum (G. iii. 415). GENESTA, broom, a small fragrant shrub with bright yellow flowers (G. ii. 12, 434): Spartium junceum. GLANS, acorn, used as food for swine (G. i. 8, 149, ii. 520). HEDERA (nigra), ivy (E. iii. 39; G. ii. 258): Hedera helix. HERBA SARDOA, crow-foot, a species of ranunculus (E. vii. 41). HIBISCUS, marsh-mallow, a plant with a strong fibrous stalk, sometimes used like flax (E. ii. 30, x. 71): Althæa officinalis. HORDEUM, barley, of no particular sort (E. v. 36; G. i. 37). HYACINTHUS, turk's-cap lily, with drooping flowers of a rich sombre red (E. iii. 63; G. iv. 183; Æ. xi. 69; Ov. Met. x. 212): Lilium martagon. |