in the north wall lighted the space beneath it. The sepulchral effigies, formerly in the churchyard, have been removed for greater safety into the church, and lie on the left hand of the south door. The effigy commonly assigned to Iorwerth Drwyndwn, Edward of the broken nose, eldest son of Owen Gwynedd, but superseded in the kingdom owing to that blemish, cannot belong to him; for not only is the warrior represented in fluted armour, but he bears on his shield the "wolf" of the Rhirid Flaidd family, and may have been the Iorwerth of Penllyn mentioned in the Archeologia Cambrensis, 1877, p. 199, and the supposed Melangell probably represents his wife Gwerfyl.

CLUN CHURCH.-Those of our members who attended the Knighton Meeting in 1873 will remember well this interesting but dilapidated old church, and will be glad to hear of its careful restoration, under the auspices of Mr. Street. The nave and north aisle have not been otherwise affected than by being put into a little better order; but the south aisle has been rebuilt, and in place of the incongruous block which disfigured this side, the original narrow Norman aisle, with a lean-to roof, has been substituted. The chancel, which had no distinctive features, has been treated independently, and the canopy which stood over the altar in the north aisle has been removed to a similar position in the chancel.

Lapidarium Wallic, Part II, has just been issued to subscribers, and we cordially congratulate Professor Westwood on the result of his careful delineations of the inscribed stones of Glamorganshire and Brecknockshire, "the earliest seats of Christianity in Wales, and the richest in respect of their lapidary remains". The Plates XXIII-XLIV are accompanied by a minute description which shows not only the close attention given by the Professor to the work, but also what an advanced position the study of their inscriptions now occupies, and how closely every little detail of line and curve is scrutinised for the purpose of illustrating not only the history of the time and people represented, but also the forms and structure of the language then spoken.

THE first Part of A History of West Gower, Glamorganshire, by the Rev. J. D. Davies, has also been issued from the press. It will suffice to indicate on the present occasion the contents of its five chapters, which treat of (1) the Name of Gower and its early Inhabitants; (2) its Occupation by the Danes; (3) its Conquest by the Normans; (4) its Colonisation by the Flemings; and (5) its Occupation by the Romans. The district treated of is peculiarly rich in its historical associations, and we are glad that its story is being taken in hand, as it will form a useful contribution to that history of the whole county which is much desiderated; and which it contaius one man fully competent to write.

Cambrian Archaeological Association.

THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING

WAS HELD AT

CARNARVON

ON

MONDAY, AUGUST 6TH, 1877,

AND FOLLOWING DAYS.

THE programme of excursions, which has already appeared in the Journal (p. 236), was drawn up by a Committee presided over by Sir Llewelyn Turner as Chairman; and the meetings of the Association were held in rooms within the Castle, placed by him at their service for the occasion.

A meeting of the General Committee was held at 8.30 P.M., Professor Babington, F.R.S., in the chair, when the Annual Report was discussed and approved, and ordered to be submitted to the General Meeting of Members.

At 9 P.M., Professor Babington, Chairman of the General Committee, having taken the chair, called upon the Secretary to read a letter from Mr. E. A. Freeman, M.A., D.C.L., the out-going President, in which he expressed his regret that the unfortunate coincidence of the Annual Meetings of the Cambrian Association at Carnarvon, the Archæological Institute at Hereford, and the Somersetshire Society at Bridgwater, within the same week, and a previous engagement to attend the last, prevented him from resigning the chair, as he had wished to do, in person.

Sir Ll. Turner then rose to apologise for the unavoidable absence of the President-Elect, the Right Hon. Lord Clarence Paget, who had been detained in London by important business.

The Rev. E. L. Barnwell proposed that Professor Babington, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.S.A., be the acting President of the Meeting; and this was seconded by Sir Ll. Turner, and carried unanimously.

Professor Babington, on taking the chair, said that in one sense he was sorry to be asked to occupy the chair as he had made no preparation to do so, whilst, on the other hand, he felt it to be a high honour conferred upon him. It was not many days since he

was informed of the probability of his having to act as President, and therefore he had been unable to prepare any address such as was expected of the President. They had heard most admirable addresses from the last two Presidents, and doubtless they had come expecting an excellent one on this occasion. The remarks which he was about to make must be quite ex tempore, as he had only had time to note down a few points on his way to Carnarvon, when he had, of course, no books to consult. Some of those present might recollect the Meeting held in this town twenty-nine years since, when several distinguished Irish and other archæologists, now deceased, were present, and rendered the Meeting peculiarly strong in all respects. Among them were Mr. Petrie, Dr. Todd, Lord Dungannon, Mr. C. H. Hartshorne, and Sir S. R. Glyn. It was, however, gratifying to find that others have risen up to take their places. The work of these Meetings was always difficult, because so much depended upon the weather. If the very interesting programme now given to them was able to be carried out, we should see much to instruct. This county possessed many very fine entrenchments, forts, or even he might say towns, of the prehistoric period. According to his view these ancient works presented three types very distinguishable from each other:-1. The simple earthwork formed of earth or stones, or both intermixed, forming banks and ditches. These were probably of very early date, although they were occupied by successive tribes or races of men. They are often not easily distinguishable from much more modern encampments. (2.) The next class of works was formed of earth and stones; but against the outer slope of the bank very large upright stones were placed. In most cases the greater number, probably, of these large stones have been broken up and used for building or fencing purposes. Very many have been destroyed recently. Dinas Dinorwig is an example of this class. (3.) The third kind of fortification consisted of well built dry-stone walls, often of considerable height and thickness. Tre 'r Ceiri is a beautiful example, as also the fortress on Penmaenmawr. In, and associated with, this kind of fortress (alone ?), hut-circles are usually found. The wonderful fortresses in the Irish Isles of Aran (Archæologia Cambrensis, Ser. III, vol. iv, p. 96) are magnificent examples of this class. There can be little doubt that these three kinds of works are of different ages, and succeeded each other in the above order. If so, how old must the first class be, since the third is altogether prehistoric? The Celtic people seem to have found them where they stand, but may have made use of them. They gave legendary names to them, as they also did to many cromlechs, for their history was lost with the expulsion of the preceding inhabitants. It seems probable that the account which states that the forts in Aran are at least as old as the Christian era is correct, and they may be very much older. If, therefore, as we may fairly believe, Penmaenmawr and others like it, are of such an age, how old must the earlier works have been ? May they not probably be pre-Arian? He then concluded by men

tioning some Roman and ecclesiastical remains in the neighbourhood.

Mr. Williams Mason demurred to the nationality attributed by the President to cromlechs and stone-works, and held that the earthworks along the sea-coast should be assigned to the Gaels, and the stone-works to the Cymry, and instanced Caswallon's Wall at Holyhead as a case in point, confirmatory of at least a portion of this theory. The Britons, Brithwyr, and Picts, were only different names for the same race.

Mr. Elias Owen wished to know how Mr. Mason accounted for the cromlech-builders of the present day in India. Were they, too, Cymry ?

Mr. Howell Lloyd, referring to the terms "Lloegr" and Ligures", which had been mentioned by one of the speakers, drew the attention of the meeting to the fact that to this day the Welsh, while calling the English "Saxons", call England "Lloegr", and suggested that this name may have been derived from the occupation of a portion of the island by the tribe known to the Romans as the " Ligures", who in fact inhabited a part of the country bordering on the Loire, called "Liger" by the Romans. The immigration of the Lloegrwys into Britain was spoken of in the Triads as posterior to that of the Cymry, and the people described as being of mixed blood, or, at least, not of the same pure Celtic stock as the Cymry. In connection with the vexed question of the rise and origin of cromlechs, Mr. Lloyd gave a slight outline of the argument of Mr. Isaac Taylor, in his work entitled Etruscan Researches, showing that the Etruscan mode of burial in chambered huts and caves was a survival of the original method of sepulture by Turanian nations; first in the tent and afterwards in the stone hut in which the persons so buried had dwelt during life. And he suggested that the mode of burial in earth-covered cromlechs seemed to be based on the same principle, and that an argument might be founded on it in favour of the hypothesis that the cromlechs were constructed by, and consequently the countries where they are found occupied by, a Turanian people.

Mr. Thomas compared with the distinction pointed out by Mr. Lloyd between the Welsh name of England Lloegr, and its inhabitants the Saeson, the corresponding case of Ireland, where the island is called Y Werddon, and its people Gwyddelod. The comparatively recent immigration of the Saxons into Lloegr may justify the analogy that the Gwyddelod were by no means the original occupants of Y Werddon, but the generic name by which they are known to the Cymry. Their names are connected in this country with remarkable works, both in earth and stone, called Cyttiau, Muriau, and Eglwysi Gwyddelod. The stone works, notably those on Treceiri and Penmaen Mawr, have been well compared by the President with those on the Isle of Arran, and denominated Firbolgic; thus connecting them with the small dark-visaged Basques or Iberians. Of the classes of this little known race one was called the Fir Gaillian,

the men of the spear, the warrior caste; another Fir Domnhan, the men of the pits, the labouring and artificer caste; and it is probably their work that we have in the Cyttiau and the Muriau. There was one period connected with the history of this county that required elucidation, and it ought to be forthcoming; but it could only be by the aid of local knowledge, customs, and traditions illustrative of the social condition indicated therein he meant the privileges of the men of Arvon, "Breiniau Gwyr Arvon," and such elucidation, he hoped, might be forthcoming in the course of this meeting. The President then called on the Secretary to read

THE ANNUAL REPORT, 1877.

"When the Association held its second annual meeting at Carnarvon, twenty-nine years ago, it was then in the freshness of its youth, and had not yet completed the third volume of its Journal. It has now attained a vigorous manhood, and has issued more than thirty annual volumes, besides several supplemental ones, of no mean interest and value. One of these, The Celtic Remains, compiled by the eminent antiquary, Lewis Morris, and edited by Mr. Silvan Evans, will be brought to a close during the current year. The Original Documents, which had been suspended, in order to facilitate the completion of the Remains, have been resumed; and Norden's Survey has now attained a length of more than 350 closely printed pages, of great local interest for the topography of Maelor Gymraeg. Much more, however, remains to exhaust the Survey, and there is no lack of other material awaiting the time and convenience of the Association. The value and interest of the articles contributed to the Journal have by no means diminished, and the volumes contain such a mass of information on all matters relating to Wales, that their careful study is essential for anyone who would treat at all thoroughly of Welsh history in its many bearings. Such use has been largely made and gracefully acknowledged in many independent works, which its members have published within the last year: such as the very able Lectures on Welsh Philology, by the first Professor of Celtic at Oxford; the Lapidarium Walliæ, by another most distinguished Professor in the same University; and Mr. Murray's new edition of by far the best and most reliable Handbook to South Wales. Another work of much research has also been issued, Canon Bridgeman's History of the Princes of South Wales, and we are happy to announce that the learned historian of Maelor Gymraeg has nearly ready for the press the first volume of The History of the Princes, the Lords Marchers, and the Ancient Nobility of Powys Fadog, on the Ancient Lords of Arwystli, Cydewaun, and Meirionydd. The Association desires to express its thanks to the Rev. Hugh Prichard for the admirable illustrations to his article on Braich y Ddinas, and to Mr. R. W. Banks, for that of Skenfrith Castle.

"During the past year death has removed three very valued members of the Association-Dr. John Stuart, the founder of the Spald