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STRATIGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY.

The Board of Examiners.

1. Enumerate in descending order all the formations and subformations of the Cainozoic and Mesozoic series of rocks, specially noting any that are represented in Victoria.

2. Name and briefly describe some common genera of Molluscs, the presence of which would enable you to distinguish a Fresh Water deposit from a Brackish Water or a Marine one.

3. Mention and give generic characters of some types of Mammals, the remains of which are found in the Eocene Tertiary of the British and Paris basins.

4. Briefly describe the following reptilian genera-(a) Mosasaurus, (b) Icthyosaurus, (c) Plesiosaurus, (d) Pterodactylus, giving their respective geological range and chief strongholds.

5. Name the geological position of the following genera:-(Molluscs) "Atruria," "Baculites, Belemnitella," "Ceratites," "Hippopodium," (Echinoderms) "Ananchytes," "Hemipneustes," "Marsupites," "Apiocrinus," "Encrinus."

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6. By what Molluscan species would you be enabled to discriminate between the Kimmeridge Clay and the Oxford Clay?

7. Give the more striking examples, from different parts of the geological series and from different parts of the world, of the occurrence of footprints of extinct animals, mentioning in each case the class to which they are supposed to belong, with the reasons for so regarding them.

8. Of what formation in England is Rock Salt a striking feature? Explain how its presence is to be accounted for, and mention analogies of its occurrence in modern times which serve to throw light upon its origin in the formation in question.

DEDUCTIVE LOGIC.

The Board of Examiners.

TO BE USED ALSO AS HONOUR PAPER No. 1.

1. Do proper names possess extension? Do they possess intension? Can they be said to be connotative? In discussing these questions assign exact meanings to the principal terms employed.

2. Reduce the following propositions to logical form, giving in each case the contradictory, the obverse, and where practicable the inverse:

(1) They stumble that run fast.

(2) One may smile, and smile, and be a villain. (3) Not all who are learned are wise.

(4) It is impossible that any human being can be entirely unsocial.

3. Can Disjunctive propositions be resolved into nypotheticals? If so, how? Show the bearing of this question on the exclusive and non-exclusive renderings of Disjunctive propositions.

4. Construct Syllogisms as follows:-(1) In Celarent, reducing directly to Camenes; (2) In Bocardo, reducing directly and indirectly to the first figure; (3) In Dimaris, reducing directly to the first and third figures.

5. Describe the nature and uses of hypothetico-categorical syllogisms. Are they mediate reasonings?

6. If U and Y were included in the recognised list of propositions, what would be the relation of these forms to one another, and to the traditional forms of categorical propositions, in a table of Opposition?

7. (a) Comment on the division of Fallacies into those in dictione, and those extra dictionem. (b) What meaning is attributed by Whately to petitio principii?

8. State the following in syllogistic form, and point out fallacies, if any:

(a) When you say that nine-tenths of the stories going about are hoaxes, you thereby admit that nine-tenths of your stories are hoaxes.

(b) Since every one is likely to know his own interests best, and since the State should cousult the interests of all, it follows that the right of voting for representatives cannot be too widely extended.

(c)

The law punishes crimes, and smuggling is liable to legal punishment. It should therefore be regarded as a crime.

(d) The political rights which can be justly claimed by women are not the same as those of men, since they are not subject to the same liabilities.

9. Wherever there is smoke there is also fire or light; wherever there is light and smoke there is also fire; there is no fire without either smoke or light. From these propositions what can you infer with regard to (a) circumstances where there is smoke; (b) circumstances where there is none? Work out this question by Jevons' Indirect Method of Inference, and also by Venn's diagrammatic scheme.

INDUCTIVE LOGIC.

The Board of Examiners.

TO BE USED ALSO AS HONOUR PAPER NO. 1.

1. Point out the uses, conditions, and limits of Definition. Why are some names susceptible of Definition while others are not?

2. Investigate the statement that "not one iota is added to the proof" of an inference to a particular case by interpolating a general proposition which includes it.

3. "Colligation is not always induction; but induction is always colligation." Consider this sentence, referring in your answer to the meaning attached to colligation (a) by Whewell; (b) by Mill.

4. Reproduce, with any comments, Mill's remarks on permanent causes, or original natural agents.

5. What methods of induction are applicable when resort is had to experiment? Describe these methods fully, and illustrate them by examples.

6. Mention any circumstances which interfere with the application of the inductive methods to determine laws of the phenomena of politics and history.

7. Compare the statements made by Mill and Bain respectively on the limits to the explanation of laws of nature.

8. "Notwithstanding the abstract superiority of an estimate of probability grounded on causes, it is a fact that in almost all cases in which chances admit of estimation sufficiently precise to render their numerical appreciation of any practical value, the numerical data are not drawn from knowledge of the causes, but from experience of the events themselves." Explain the "abstract superiority" and the "fact" here mentioned, giving illustrations.

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