The Discovery of the Conservation of Energy

Académie des Sciences action bodies called caloric theory Carnot Cartesian chemical chemistry clear clearly concept of energy concept of force conservation law conservation of energy conservation of force conservation principle considered d'Alembert Davy's Descartes Dubois-Reymond dynamical theory École Polytechnique electricity Elkana energy principle entity equivalent Erhaltung der Kraft essay Euler experimental experiments Faraday Faraday's formulation friction fundamental Helmholtz history of science ibid ideas important influence Johannes Müller Joule Joule's Kant kinetic Lagrange later Lavoisier law of conservation Lectures Leibniz Leibnizian Liebig living force mathematical matter Mayer mechanical energy metaphysical motion theory Müller Natural Philosophy Newton Newtonian nineteenth century paper passage perpetual motion perpetuum mobile phenomena philosophical physical physicists physiology principle of conservation problem Professor quantity of heat question quoted Rankine result Rumford Sadi Carnot scientists second law temperature theory of heat thermodynamics tion vague velocity vis viva vital forces viva word