permittit. Ille cohortis veteranas, quas tumulti causa conscripserat, in fronte, post eas ceterum exercitum in subsidiis locat; ipse equo circumiens, unumquemque nominans, appellat, hortatur, rogat, ut meminerint 5 se contra latrones inermis, pro patria, pro liberis, pro aris atque focis suis certare. Homo militaris, quod amplius annos triginta tribunus aut praefectus aut legatus aut praetor cum magna gloria in exercitu fuerat, plerosque ipsos factaque eorum fortia noverat : 10 ea commemorando, militum animos accendebat.

60. Sed ubi, omnibus rebus exploratis, Petreius tuba signum dat, cohortis paulatim incedere jubet, idem facit hostium exercitus. Postquam eo ventum est,` unde [a] ferentariis proelium committi posset, maxumo 15 clamore [cum] infestis signis concurrunt: pila omittunt, gladiis res geritur. Veterani, pristinae virtutis memores, comminus acriter instare; illi haud timidi resistunt: maxuma vi certatur. Interea Catilina cum expeditis in prima acie vorsari, laborantibus succur20 rere, integros pro sauciis accersere, omnia providere, multum ipse pugnare, saepe hostem ferire; strenui militis et boni imperatoris officia simul exsequebatur. Petreius ubi videt Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, cohortem praetoriam in medios 25 hostis inducit, eosque perturbatos atque alios alibi resistentis interficit; deinde utrimque ex lateribus ceteros adgreditur. Manlius et Faesulanus in primis pugnantes cadunt. Catilina, postquam fusas copias seque cum paucis relictum videt, memór generis atque 30 pristinae suae dignitatis, in confertissumos hostis incurrit, ibique pugnans confoditur.

61. Sed confecto proelio, tum vero cerneres quanta audacia quantaque animi vis fuisset in exercitu Catilinae. Nam fere quem quisque vivos pugnando locum 35 ceperat, eum amissa anima corpore tegebat. Pauci autem, quos medios cohors praetoria disjecerat, paulo

divorsius alis alibi stantes, sed omnes tamen advorsis volneribus conciderant. Catilina vero longe a suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est, paululum etiam spirans, ferociamque animi, quam habuerat vivos, in voltu retinens. Postremo ex omni copia neque in 5 proelio neque in fuga quisquam civis ingenuus captus est: ita cuncti suae hostiumque vitae juxta pepercerant.

Neque tamen exercitus populi Romani laetam aut incruentam victoriam adeptus erat: nam strenuissumus quisque aut occiderat in proelio, aut graviter volner- 10 atus discesserat. Multi autem, qui e castris visundi aut spoliandi gratia processerant, volventes hostilia cadavera, amicum alii, pars hospitem aut cognatum reperiebant; fuere item qui inimicos suos cognoscerent. Ita varie per omnem exercitum laetitia, maeror, luctus 15 atque gaudia agitabantur.

NOTES.

Argument.

CHAP. I. Body and Spirit: the worth of each. — 2. The foundation of government: what is a true life?-3. Sallust's motive in writing: the narrator no less than the actor of great deeds serves the state. -5. The character of Catiline. -6-9. Regal and consular Rome: the early valor and simplicity: comparison of Rome and Athens. 10-13. Growth of power and luxury: Sulla's influence: corruption of the times after him.-14-16. Catiline's profligacy and evil companions: his designs against the State.-17. His plans and associates (B.C. 64). — 18, 19. His earlier designs, and how prevented (B.C. 66). — 20. Address to his associates. —21, 22. His extravagant promises and oaths. 23. Curius and Fulvia: her indiscreet reports.-24. Catiline defeated at the polls: plans of armed insurrection.-25. Sempronia.-26. Catiline is baffled by Cicero: his second defeat. — 27, 28. His scheme of rousing Italy: Manlius at Fæsulæ. - 29-31. Action of the Senate: the general alarm.-31, 32. Cicero's speech: scene in the Senate: Catiline quits Rome.33. Manlius's letter and appeal. — 34–36. Catiline appeals to Catulus: he joins Manlius.— 36-38. Condition of Rome: profligacy and ambition of the youth in the capital. — 39. Secret adherents of the plot. 40, 41. Umbrenus tampers with the Allobroges. -42, 43. Agitations in Italy: the conspirators Lentulus, etc. in Rome.—44, 45. The plot is betrayed through the Allobroges to Cicero: arrest at the Mulvian bridge.—46, 47. The conspirators interrogated, and put under arrest. — 48, 49. Charges made against Crassus and Cæsar. — 50. The matter is laid before the Senate. -51. Speech of Cæsar, against a capital sentence. -52. Reply of Cato. 53, 54. These two men compared. · 55. The conspirators are strangled in the Tullianum. — 56, 57. Military plans of Catiline. — 58. His speech to his confederates. -59. Disposition of the troops. 60, 61. The battle force of the conspirators exterminated.

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1. omnis homines. . . decet, it is fitting for all men to strive, etc. (for the acc. form in īs, see §§ 51-55, 58; 84. b: a still earlier form is found in eis). In this sentence, the accusative omnis homines is the subject of niti (§ 240. ƒ), and the clause omnis niti is the subject of decet (§ 270. & a).

...

sese præstare, § 271. a: the subj. accus. is rarely expressed with this verb: it may be rendered as object, set themselves at the head.

student, aim to, are bent upon. -summa ope, with all effort. ne... transeant (§331.&e), not to spend their life in silence. silentio, § 248. Rem. - pecora, brutes, as devoid of reason: animal includes man (as implied in ceteris, above); belua is a monster, or the like. — prona, grovelling, i. e. with faces towards the earth.-obodientia, subservient, lit. hearkening (ob-audire), as to a despotic master. — finxit, has fashioned.

animo, the soul, including both intellect, affections, and will. magis, rather than the other way.

alterum . . . alterum, the one (soul) the other (body).

ingeni, gen. (§ 40. b). — opibus, resources. quam maxume, as much as possible (elliptic, for as much as the most).

fluxa, fleeting (passing away of itself); fragilis, frail (exposed to accident).

.

...

certamen, controversy. — vi-ne . . procederet, whether war advances more by force of body, etc. Here an indirect question is introduced by the interrog. particles ne and an (§ 211); the verb procederet is in the subj. by § 334, and in the imperfect (following fuit) by the sequence of tenses (§§ 286, 287. d).

incipias, consulueris, subjunctive of general condition (§ 309. a). consulto, facto, § 243. e: consulto refers to animi, and facto to corporis (chiastic order, § 344. ƒ). — mature facto, speed, action.-indigens, helpless.

§ 2. initio, at the beginning. —nam, i. e. I say kings, because, etc.— divorsi, variously (§ 191); it is in appos. with both pars and alii, which are here correlative. ingenium, intellect. cebant, trained by exercise.

exer

etiam tum, i. e. even after kingdoms were established, and men no longer lived in the early simplicity. — agitabatur (more commonly agebatur), was passed. sua cuique, etc. (the regular order), each man was well satisfied with his own.

Cyrus: Cyrus the Great (or the Elder), founder of the Persian Empire, B.C. 559. During his lifetime he brought all western Asia under his rule, and his successors conquered Egypt and parts of Europe.

Lacedæmonii. The Spartans were at the head of the Grecian States in the sixth century B C., having conquered the Messenians and other neighboring communities. The leadership passed from Sparta to Athens after the Persian wars (B.C. 490–479), but was recovered by Sparta at the close of the Peloponnesian war (B.C. 404).

urbis, acc. plur. (§ 54. 1, ex.). — lubidinem (root LUB= = love) ... habere, to make the lust of dominion a motive of war.— negotiis (nec otium), difficulties.—plurumum posse, has chief power.

animi virtus, i. e. both mental and moral excellence. Strictly, mens is the intellect, and animus the soul (moral powers); butespecially from the Socratic doctrine that virtue and knowledge are the same animus oftener means all the higher faculties as opposed to the bodily functions.

ita valeret, were as potent. cɔnstantius, more steadily.

æquabilius, more uniformly;