6

28. stre

the hurricane and dashed to the ground.' constitere: 'they halted.' 26. cum (sc. ventus) . . . sineret : as the blast then stopped their breath and prevented respiration.' 27. aversi a vento: with. their backs to the wind.' pere: thundered;' this and the following infinitives are historical. 29. fragores: 'crashes,' 'peals.' micare ignes : the lightning flashed.' capti auribus et oculis : 'deafened 'deprived of the use of;' cf. p. 144,

and blinded;' capti means 1. 7.

30. effuso imbre: 'when the rain had poured itself out,' 'exhausted itself.' 31. accensa · aggravated;' a cu

rious metaphor in this case.

Page 134. 1. explicare quicquam: 'to unfold anything' (in the shape of a tent). 3. perscindente: 'tearing to shreds,' a very rare word. 4. aqua 'mist,' 'watery vapor.' 5. concreta esset: 'had congealed.' deiecit: the subject is

aqua. coeptus.

11. movere ac recipere: sc. coeperunt, from est 13. ad alienam . . . tendere: 'each in his helpopem. . . inops :

less state sought the assistance of others.' paronomasia. 15. elephanti . . . septem: Polybius says only one had survived the battle of the Trebia.

CHAP. LIX. 17. Degressus: Polybius makes no mention of this attempt to cross the mountains, and there is a good Ideal of doubt as to the fact. ad: ‘near,' to the vicinity of. 18. ad: 'about.' This means west of Placentia. Livy seems to crowd too many events and operations into the interval between dubia signa veris, p. 133, 1. 18, and the actual opening of spring. 20. redierat: i. e. after holding the elections. 22. tria: 'only three.' bina: A. 95, b; H. 174, 2, 3). 23. pugnatum est: this is probably an exaggerated account of one of the skirmishes that would naturally take place in the then existing circumstances. 25. vincerent: sc. Romani from res Romana. 29. nona . . hora: the middle of the afternoon. 31. receptui: cf. note on p. 130, l. 6. que: had slackened.'

32. laxatam

Page 135. 1. peditum robore: 'the heavy-armed infantry.' 3. saeva: 'bloody.' 5. diremit: 'put an end to.' 8. eius: i. e. numeri. 9. maior quam pro numero: 'out

of proportion to the mere number.' 11. praefecti: among

the socii, corresponding to the tribuni of the Romans. 13. Lucam in Etruria, on a tributary of the Arno, about twelve miles from the sea. This statement has been questioned and causes a good deal of confusion. Sempronius would, it seems, naturally have gone to Placentia; and, from the beginning and end of ch. lxiii., it would appear that he did so.

16. equestris ordinis: meaning the eighteen centuries of equites established by Servius Tullius (cf. Bk. i. ch. 43), who served equo publico without pay,' and had the right to wear a gold ring. Later the cavalry provided their own horses, were paid, and wore iron rings, and the equites equo publico became an honorary body. senatorum ferme liberis: mostly sons

one.

of senators;' they had equestrian not senatorial rank. CHAP. LX. 20. in Hispaniam .. missus: cf. p. 105, 1. 13. 22. Emporias: a Phocaean (Greek) colony, a few miles south of the Pyrenees; the name is plural because the town was a double one, an Iberian settlement adjoining the Greek 23. Laeetanis: inhabitants of the coast southwest of Emporiae, about the modern Barcelona. 24. societatibus: Emporiae and the Bargusii were already allies of Rome; cf. p. 92, l. 12. 25. dicionis: A. 214, c; H. 401; G. 365. 26. ad = apud. 27. mediterraneis quoque ac montanis: neuter plural. ferociores iam: the idea is that the tribes were more savage in proportion to their distance from the coast. 30. auxiliorum: troops of non-Italian allies; they were not formed into legions. cohortes: used in rather a general than technical sense. As previously observed, the Roman legion itself had not at this time been divided into cohorts. cis Hiberum: north of the Ebro. eum reliquerat Hannibal: cf. p. 96, 1. 11. praesidium: expresses

purpose.

32. ad

31.

9.

Page 136. 7. cum praesidio: 'besides the guard.' principibus: in view of Polybius' account of this battle, it appears that this word applies to Spanish chiefs fighting on the Punic side. Cissis probably a town of the Cessetani, who lived on the coast between the Laeetani and the Ebro. 11. rerum fuit: 'consisted of things,' etc.: supellex is appositive to praeda, mancipiorum to rerum. 12. eius . . . exercitus : limits omnibus . . . rebus. essent: 'that their baggage might not be too heavy for them to carry.'

14. ne

CHAP. LXI. 17. accideret: 'arrived.' 19. mille: used here as an indeclinable substantive. 20. perditas res: 'the disaster.' 22. Tarracone: subsequently an important Roman city, capital of the province of Hispania Tarraconensis. milites . . . socios: cf. note on p. 123, 1. 31. 29. in ... animadvertisset: 'had punished.' praefectos: 'captains.'

...

:

31. Vixdum . . . aderat : vividly expresses the swiftness of Hasdrubal's movements. Ilergētum this tribe lay further inland than those just menticned, and extended from the Pyrenees to the Ebro.

12.

18.

Page 137. 4. cedit: i. e. Hasdrubal. 6. Atanagrum : position not certainly known. 9. pecunia: 'by a fine.' Lacetanos: cf. p. 96, 1. 9. 13. urbe now Vich. minus quattuor pedes: cf. note on p. 125, 1. 20. pluteos: 'screens ;' 19. vineas: 'mantlets;' the former chiefly a protection in front, the latter from above; for cuts and description see Judson, Caesar's Army, pp. 98, 99. 22. pacti used, like a verb of buying and selling, with an ablative of price. The meaning is, they surrendered after agreeing to pay Scipio twenty talents as the price of their being spared by him. Luterbacher remarks that this would be only about a month's pay for twelve thousand men, not enough to compensate them for the hardships of the siege. deduntur middle force.

CHAP. LXII. 24. Romae : cf. note on p. 132, 1. 1. prodigia: prodigies were regarded as the manifestation of displeasure on the part of the gods. The place and circumstances of their occurrence were important considerations in their interpretation, with regard both to the source whence they came and the persons or communities to whom they were intended to apply. The lore relating to this subject was the province of the college of pontiffs, whose business it was to examine the evidence as to the occurrence of prodigies, interpret their significance, and prescribe the means by which the displeasure of the deities was to be averted. To assist in this matter, they kept a record from year to year of the well attested prodigies, which served subsequently as a list of precedents.

In certain spheres of natural phenomena the (originally Etruscan) haruspices were consulted. They were especially skilled in the lore of lightning, and the interpretation of the signs

given by the entrails of animals slain in sacrifice, and of monstrous births. Where the ordinary resources failed, or the omens were especially terrifying, and in times of great public danger, recourse was had to the Sibylline books, which were derived from a Greek source, and to the influence of which was due the gradual introduction of Greek divinities into the Roman Pantheon.

27.

It appears that the state was concerned with such omens only as appeared within the limits of Roman land, and that, too, in the ager publicus. What happened on private land concerned the owner personally rather than the commonwealth. At this period there were numerous communities in various parts of Italy, possessing full citizenship, whose territory was part of the ager Romanus, and attached to one of the tribes; and also many conquered places belonging to the ager publicus. 25. in religionem: 'toward fear of the supernatural.' quis: syncopated form of quibus. ingenuum: 'born of free parents.' 28. triumphum clamasse: had cried "lo triumphe!"' foro boario: the cattle-market lay between the Tiber and the Palatine, the forum olitorium (1. 32) was directly north of it, close to the Capitoline but outside the Porta Carmentalis. In the same locality was the Aedes Spei (l. 31). 32. Lanuvi: this town and Rome had common sacra, so this omen applied to Rome. hastam (Iunonis): lances, before the use of images, were the symbols of deities.

6

66

Page 138. 1. in agro Amiternino: Amiternum was a Sabine town. 3. visos congressos (esse): the subject is thoroughly indefinite 'beings' or apparitions.' lapidibus pluvisse: cf. note on p. 39, l. 3. 4. Caere locative; this ancient city of southern Etruria, called sometimes the "Delphi of Italy," was from early times in friendly relations with Rome. sortes: oracular tablets;' divination by "lots " was a distinctively Italian institution. Shrinking of the tablets was a sign of impending misfortune.

Gallia: i. e. Cisalpina. lupum merely to see a wolf in an unusual place was ominous. 5. vigili A. 229; H. 385, II. 2; G. 344. 6. libros: i. e. Sibyllinos. The decemviri sacris faciundis were a permanent commission charged with the care and consultation (when ordered) of these sacred books.

7.

novemdiale sacrum: cf. p. 39, 11. 15-17.

8. subinde =

deinde. operata fuit = = operam dedit, hence governs the dative. 9. hostiaeque maiores: mature animals, as distinguished from young ones, hostiae lactentes. It was the business of the pontiffs to say which should be offered in sacrifice. 11. pondo quadraginta: 'forty pounds;' pondo, treated as an indeclinable noun, is an ablative of specification, 'as to weight,' and libra in the appropriate number and case is understood with it.

13. lectisternium: the first recorded instance of this observance, which seems partly due to Hellenic influence, occurred in 399 B. C. (Livy, Bk. v., ch. 13). A costly banquet was prepared for the gods, whose images or symbols were laid upon couches spread (lectus, sternere) for them at the tables. 14. supplicatio: a kind of processional litany, in which all classes of the people went about to the different shrines to beseech the help of the gods. Algido (sc. monte): one of the Al15. Iuventati: this goddess (Hebe), the wife of Hercules, had a chapel in the precincts of the Capitol, having refused to give up her place when the Capitoline temple was built by Tarquin. Cf. p. 66, 1. 33, for the part of the legend concerning Terminus, who also refused to depart.

ban hills.

nomina

16. aedem Herculis near the Porta Trigemina. tim contrasting ad Aedem Herculis with circa omnia pulvinaria, the special with the general. 17. pulvinaria: the supplicationes were connected with the lectisternia, hence the use of pulvinaria here, the images of the gods being at the time laid upon them. Genio (populi Romani): the guardian spirit of the nation, analogous to that of cach individual. 18. C. Atilius: cf. p. 98, 1. 27; the consuls were both absent, or this duty would have fallen upon them.

CHAP. LXIII. 23. sorte: both being obliged to defend Italy, they cast lots for the two armies. 24. edictum et litteras: hendiadys. ad consulem: Sempronius; cf. p. 140, 11. 2-4. 27. tribunus plebis: in 232 B. C., when tribune, he had carried a law assigning to poor citizens land in Picenum and Umbria. This led to the Gallic war of 225-2 B. C. 28. qui abrogabatur: conative imperfect; 'which they attempted to annul.' The senate tried to compel him to lay down his consulship, owing to alleged irregularities connected