the camp faced northwest.

30. campis torridis: cf.

Hor. Carm. iii. 30, 11, “Et qua pauper aquae Daunus;" with

campis, sc. in.

Page 190.

CHAP. XLIV.

2. Ad Cannas : 'to the vicinity of Cannae.' Livy does not mention, what Polybius makes clear; viz., that before the battle Hannibal had transferred his camp to the same side of the river on which the larger Roman camp lay. 3. bina castra: the large one on the northwest bank, the smaller on the southeast. 4. intervallo: Polybius says it was ten stadia. 5. Aufidius generally spelled Aufidus, a swift river rising in the Apennines and flowing into the Adriatic. Horace, who was born at Venusia, near its banks, says, “qua violens obstrepit Aufidus," Carm. iii. 30, 10. In summer it becomes quite shallow. 6. ex sua opportunitate: 'according to each one's convenience.' 8. trans Aufidium: on the southeast bank. 10. natis: 'naturally fitted,' i. e. level. 11. facturos: connect with spem. 13. seditione: 'insubordination.' 16. speciosum: 'furnishing a plausible excuse.' 17. hic: Varro. 19. usu cepisset:

...

usu capere is to gain title to property by continued possession. By the Twelve Tables, occupation of land for two years gave ownership by usucapion. Sandars' Justinian, 206 (Am. ed.). 21. militibus: A. 229; H. 385, II. 2. ille: Paulus. 24. videret: 'he should see to it that;' subjunctive, representing imperative of oratio recta.

CHAP. XLV. 27. ad multum diei: 'till late in the day.'

Page 191. 2. evecti sunt: 'they rode on.' 3. tumultuario: 'irregular.' 7. sors: 'chance' or 'turn:' not that they drew lots every day. 9. quia magis non probare, etc.: 'because, though he could not approve, he still could not refuse to aid in carrying out the plan.' 11. Transgressi flumen: the battle, it seems, took place on the southeast bank, as the Romans, according to Polybius, were facing south and had their right flank resting on the river. Yet some of the best historical authorities have placed the site on the northwest bank. Livy's account, explained by that of Polybius with reference to one detail (note on p. 190, 1. 2), seems to indicate a situation somewhat like that shown in the following diagram.

stituted the first line:' the verb agrees with the predicate nominative. The date of this battle, nominally August 2d, 216 B. C., was really some day near the middle of June.

CHAP. XLVI. 21. transgressus: from the northwest to the southeast bank. ut quosque . . locabat: 'stationed them in line of battle in the same order in which he had led them across the river.' 25. firmata: formed of.' 26. Galli atque Hispani: it was his intention, as usual, to let them bear the brunt of the fight, and to spare his Africans as much as possible. 29. scuta: oblong shields, covering the whole body. 30. dispares ac dissimiles: 'different in size and shape.'

Page 192. 2. praetextis: 'edged,' 'bordered.' 6. Hasdrubal not Hannibal's brother, who was in Spain. 9. obliquus erat: 'shone sideways.'

CHAP. XLVII. 17. minime equestris more pugnae: there was no room for the ordinary cavalry tactics; the cavalry opposed to the Romans on this wing were numerous enough to push them off the field by mere weight; 8,000 Gauls and Spaniards against less than 2,400 Romans. 19. ad evagandum :

28. obliqua fronte: this probably means that they advanced their wings, making their front concave, so as to fit against the convex front (cuneum) of the enemy, whose centre was advanced beyond the wings. The Gauls and Spaniards seem to have fallen back till the Africans on the wings became engaged. The latter were called subsidia, reserves, not because placed directly behind the other troops, but because placed further back and not intended to engage at the outset in the fight. As the Romans pressed on the shallow centre of Gauls and Spaniards, the latter, falling back, first made the front straight (aequavit frontem), then, retiring still further, made it concave (sinum in medio dedit). Then the wings enveloped the Romans on both flanks, so that they were assailed on three sides at once, while the centre ceased to give ground in front of them, and the Africans gradually extended their lines around the rear. The Romans, thus huddled into insufficient space, found their unusually deep files another source of embarrassment, for those in the interior of the columns were unable to fight, while the ever tightening ring of the enemy kept closing in as the outer ranks fell before them. 31. tenore uno: without stopping.'

Page 193. 6. cornua: the extremities of the alae.

CHAP. XLVIII. 16. segne: this is not surprising, as the 2,000 light Numidian horsemen were opposed to more than twice that number of the Italian allies.

21. in mediam

aciem: this phrase probably arises from the fact that Livy is following two different accounts, one of which represents this manœuvre as carried out by Celtiberians against the Roman infantry in the centre; or possibly the phrase simply means that the cavalry open their ranks in the midst to receive the Numidians. 25. scutis: i. e. of fallen Romans, which would for a time prevent their being recognized as enemies. 29. alibi ... alibi: the first refers to the right wing, the second to the centre. 30. in mala iam spe: though hope was already abandoned.' Hasdrubal: we must infer what is not stated; viz., that after dispersing the Roman right, Hasdrubal had made

his way behind the Romans to the left wing to help the Numidians against the cavalry of the allies, and that, when the latter were routed, he left the pursuit to the Numidians and turned with his own heavy cavalry against the Roman infantry. But still the phrase, subductos ex media acie, is unintelligible.

Page 194. CHAP. XLIX. 3. Parte altera: this is ambiguous, as all parts of the battle have been described, but occurrit Hannibali shows that the centre is meant.

...

10. Quam mallem, etc. ironical; he feels that they are beaten just as surely as if they were already prisoners in his hands. 11. quale sc. est or solet esse. iam haud dubia, etc.: 'when the victory of the enemy is no longer doubtful.’ 15. superantis: survivors;' as often, superare superesse. 18. praetervehens: riding by;' used as participle of praetervehor, as if it were a deponent. 25. macte virtute: A. 241,

d, N.; H. 369, 3; G. 324, R. I.

26. cave

=

absumas A. 331, f, last note; 269, a, 3; H. 489, 2); 499, 2; G. 264, II.

Page 195.

1. alieno crimine: 'by accusing another.' 2. Haec agentis: 'as they were talking thus.' 11. Venusiam about twenty-eight miles southwest of the battle-field; since 291 B. C. it had been a "Latin colony. 16. undetriginta tribuni: the staff and field officers of the legions, six for each. consulares, etc.: ex-consuls, ex-praetors, ex-aediles; in apposition with tribuni. 20. eos... unde . . . deberent: 'such as gave them the right to be enrolled in the senate;' on giving up a curule office the incumbent was entitled to a seat in the senate, but could not be formally placed on the list of senators till the 22. sua voluntate: as volunteers;' after holding such offices they were exempt from ordinary military duty.

next census.

6

CHAP. L. 25. Aliensi: the battle on the Allia, July 18th, 390 B. C., was followed by the capture and destruction of Rome by the Gauls. 27. quia . . . cessatum: 'because the enemy were remiss' in following up their victory. 30. alterius . . . exercitus fuit: 'almost all the army shared the fate of the other one who died;' alterius, predicative possessive genitive. 33. mittunt: i. e. to the smaller camp.

Page 196. near the river.

2. Canusium about five miles southwest, 10. aestimarique capita, etc.: 'to have a

19.

value set upon your heads and your ransom determined.' 11. civis . . . an socius cf. p. 149, ll. 8-10, for the different manner in which Hannibal treated the Romans and their allies. 12. alteri: the socius as distinguished from the civis; comparatively the former would experience honos, the latter contumelia. 15. cives fellow citizens; concivis is not classical. quamvis construe with confertos; however.' Cuneo in a compact column,' the usual sense of the word. 22. Haec ubi, etc.: a hexameter and a half, supposed to have come from Ennius through Coelius. 25. translatis . . . scutis: the 26. inde pro

shield was ordinarily worn on the left arm. tinus: then as they went on.'

CHAP. LI. 32. bello if this word is used intentionally instead of pugna, it is not to be wondered at that they thought such a victory would end the war. it doubtless would have done so.

Against any but the Romans,

Page 197. 6. maiorque, quam posset: too great to be at once realized.' 7. voluntatem: 'zeal.' 11. satis creditur, etc.: in after times it was a stock question for debate in the schools of rhetoric whether or not Hannibal should have marched upon Rome at this time. He certainly could not have captured it by a sudden dash of cavalry. The walls were strong, the population large and used to fighting. His army was not large enough to invest the city, and he had no engines for a siege. What he was waiting for, was the desertion of Rome's allies and the breaking up of the Italian confederacy. 14. etiam hostibus: 'even in the eyes of an enemy.' 17. stricta matutino frigore: stinging in the cold of the early morning.' 24. convertit omnes: attracted the attention of all.' 26. ille: the Roman.

เ

33.

CHAP. LII. 29. ad multum diei: 'till late in the day.' 31. brachio: 'a line of entrenchment,' 'a breastwork.' Pacti: followed by double construction: (1) the clause, ut. traderent; (2) the ablatives of price, trecenis, etc., i. e. the price at which they might be ransomed if they surrendered as prisoners of war.