Handbook of Natural Philosophy. Heat

Copertina anteriore
Crosby Lockwood and Company, 1877 - 450 pagine
 

Sommario

The construction of the mercurial thermometer
9
The graduation of the thermometer
12
Experimental determination of the fixed points
13
The barometrical correction of the boiling point
15
Different thermometric scales
16
Comparative table of the scales
17
Precautions in the construction of a thermometer
18
Change of zeropoint
19
Standard thermometers
20
Calibration
21
59
22
20
23
Selfregistering thermometers
24
Rutherfords selfrecording thermometers 25 32 Negretti and Zambras maximum thermometer
25
Walferdins maximum thermometer
26
Baudins alcohol minimum thermometer
27
Negretti and Zambras mercurial minimum thermometer ib 36 Casellas mercurial minimum thermometer
28
Pyrometers 37 Sixes selfregistering thermometer 38 Photographic mode of registering temperatures
30
Alcohol thermometers 40 Air thermometers
31
The differential thermometer
32
Breguets metallic thermometer
33
Wedgewoods pyrometer
35
Brogniarts pyrometer 29 30 31 ib 32
37
The weight thermometer
38
THE EXPANSION OF SOLIDS 48 Expansion in three dimensions
40
Measure of the force of dilatation
41
Compensators
42
Coefficient of expansion
51
Experimental determination of coefficients of expansion ib 53 Roy and Ramsdens method
53
Table of expansions
54
Influence of physical condition
55
Fizeaus experiments
56
Determination of cubical expansion
57
Variation of coefficients with temperature
58
Expansion of crystals
59
Exceptions to the general law of expansion
60
THE EXPANSION OF LIQUIDS 61 The liquid state
61
Determination of the absolute expansion of mercury
65
Regnaults determination
66
Results
67
Other methods of determining the maximum density
68
Saline solutions 75 Strata of different density in the same liquid 73 Importance of the phenomenon
69
Process of heating a liquid 77 Experimental proof
71
Warming buildings by hot water
72
Oceanic currents
74
THE EXPANSION OF GASES 80 Dilatation of gases
75
Dilatation of all gases uniform
76
GayLussacs method of determining expansion of gases
82
Rudbergs researches
83
Regnaults experiments
84
Expansion of gases at different pressures
85
Application of results
86
Increase of pressure due to increase of temperature
87
Practical applications of the expansion of gases
88
Warming buildings by heated
89
Ventilation of mines
90
Argand lamp
91
Experiments
92
Absolute temperature Absolute zero
95
CHAPTER VI
96
Definition of specific heat
97
Calorimetric methods
98
75
105
76
107
ΙΟΙ
112
Useful effects produced by latent heat
128
Refractory bodies
134
Annealing and tempering
135
Retardation of solidification
136
Change of volume accompanying fusion and solidi fication
137
Influence of pressure on the temperature of fusion
138
Regelation PAGE
139
Apparatus for producing artificial cold
141
VAPORISATION AND CONDENSATION 140 Evaporation in free
152
Vapour of a liquid an elastic fluid like air 142 How its pressure is indicated and measured 152 154 ib 143 Saturated space
153
Quantity of vapour in saturated space depends on temperature
156
Experiments on the relation between pressure and temperature 148 Water evaporates at all temperatures 149 The apparatus of GayLussac
158
Arago and Dulongs apparatus 150 Daltons apparatus 152 Regnaults apparatus
161
Mechanical force developed in evaporation
163
Regnaults tables for steam and other vapours
166
Specific gravities of vapours
170
GayLussacs apparatus
171
Experiments of Cagniard de la Tour Drion and Andrews
172
Dumas method
173
Ebullition
174
Mixture of gases and vapours
175
Experimental verification
176
Spheroidal state of liquids
177
Boutignys experiments 158 ib ib 160 161
178
Liquids at different temperatures in communication
179
Effects of mere compression
180
Permanent gases are superheated vapours
181
Processes by which gases are liquefied and solidified 167 Gases which have been liquefied 168 Experiments of M Pouillet
182
Influence of dissolved
183
Experiments on the retardation of ebullition
184
Ebullition at high pressures
185
Chemical relations of boiling points
186
Latent heat of vapour
187
Latent heat at different pressures and temperatures
188
178
198
179
200
180
204
181
206
182
209
Formula of reduction Glaishers factors
210
PAGE
214
231 233 234 235
227
Distillation
228
Apparatus to distil volatile liquids
231
Crystallisation produced by distillation
233
Carbonic acid
234
Some effects of steam The waterhammer
235
Freezing by evaporation 199 Reaction of steam The eolipyle
236
Object of hygrometry
239
Relative and absolute humidity
240
The dewpoint 205 Daniells hygrometer
241
The two specific heats of
242
Regnaults hygrometer
243
Mixtures of vapours and gases
244
Psychrometers
245
PAGE
248
Precautions in using the dry and wet bulb hygrometer
252
Practical bearing of the dewpoint
253
Other hygrometric instruments
254
CHAPTER X
255
General chemical effects of heat
256
Influence of temperature on chemical attraction
257
Influence of heat on chemical separation
258
General remarks on dissociation or thermolysis
261
CHAPTER XI
263
Compensation of pendulums for temperature
266
SECT
267
Grahams mercurial compensating pendulum 268 225 The compensationbalance
268
The barometercorrection
270
Thermal equilibrium
273
Superficial and cubical expansion
275
Illustrations of methods for determining expansion
278
Expansion of gases
285
Influence of expansion on the specific gravity of bodies
289
Determination of the density of vapours
291
Problems on temperaturecorrections
293
Expansion of alloys 291 293
296
Calibration of a thermometer
301
The airthermometer
304
Comparison of mercury and airthermometer
306
Leslies thermometric hygrometer
307
240
312
241
316
243
318
245
325
246
329
Table of conducting powers 248 More recent researches on conduction
331
Variations of conductivity in the same body
333
Conductivity of wood
334
Conductivity of organic substances
336
Rumfords experiments
337
Transmission of heat along bars 253 Influence of mechanical state on conductivity
338
Comparison of the conducting power of two rods
340
Absolute conductivity
342
Conductivity of liquids Convection
343
Conducting power of water
344
Conductivity of gases
347
301
349
Causes which influence the conductivity 261 Examples
350
Numerical expression for conductivity
354
Most recent experiments on conductivity in gases
355
Summary of the results of experiments
356
CHAPTER XIII
357
Recent experiments and theories
377
Relation between radiation and absorption
383
Thiroliers apparatus
390
Reflexion and refraction
397
Hirns experiment
404
10
405
76
406
306
411
307
412
Melting of ice
413
BOOK III
414
Combustion
415
312
417
Flame
419
Products of combustion
422
Construction of grates
424
Temperature necessary for combustion
431
CHAPTER XVI
434
Temperature of blood
435
79
437
88
438
Chemical action accounts for total heat
440
91
442
Apparent and absolute expansion
443
46
444
48
445
57
447
Nature of radiation Difference between radiation and conduction
448
95
29
97
7

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