Glabrionem,

§ 7. agere, treat; statui modum, set a limit. subj. of facere. - consilium, jury: he feared that lynch law would get the start of a legal verdict. repetisse, inflicted: lit. exacted; punishment being regarded as a forfeit. The original root PU (purify) is found in purus and putare. — veritus esset has for its subject populus Romanus.

§ 8. quid. . . sit, what will happen to you. — istum, i. e. whom you misrepresent. — repentinum, of a sudden, having never been such a thing before. speculatorem, spy.

54. ad arbitrium tuum, as many as you like. municipes, fellow-townsmen. necessarios, see note on necessitudinem, Verr. i. § II.—sero, too late (for you, but not too late for the court). judices, obj. of doceant.

§ 9. patronis, see note, R. A., § 4. — istuc ipsum, that single fact.-nuper tu ipse, here Cicero draws on his imagination for his facts.—ideo, for this season, i. e. quod, etc. — jam, i. e. after you have said that. Tauromenitano: Tauromenium was allied state of Sicily, between Messana and Syracuse. — argentariam [rem], banking business.

an

§ 10. ex eo genere, i. e. non qui, etc. - induatur, etc. (§ 23, 3, N.), tie himself up and strangle himself (as in a noose). 55, usurpatione, claim.

=

§ II. quo ad quos. —cognitoribus, vouchers. - legum existimationis, obj. gen. with periculo; continentur, restrained. sermonis ... societate, by fellowship in language, rights, and interests.

§ 12. tolle, a sort of protasis (§ 60, 1, b), of which the apod. is jam ... præcluseris, below. — quod velit, any he pleases (§ 65, 2). - quod . . . ignoret, because one may not know him. - liberas civitates, the allied states in the provinces, which were not strictly under the jurisdiction of the prætors. — magnum fuit, would it have been, etc. (§ 60, 2, c).· adservasses, you should have kept. dum veniret, till he should come. cognosceret, should he know (understand si: compare Greenough's Analysis of the Latin Subjunctive," pp. 10, 11, note). - locupletem refers properly to lanced property, and very likely has this meaning here. Landed proprietors (freeholders) ranked as peculiarly respectable, until the great growth of commerce within the last few centuries 56. § 13. fretum, the strait of Messina, which separates Sicily from Italy. servitutis: the cross was the special punishment

of slaves.

66

§14. parricidium: for the peculiar horror with which this crime was regarded by the Romans, see note, R. A., § 19. — in comitio : the comitium was a portion of the Forum, somewhat elevated, and set apart from the rest; it was used for the most ancient comitia,

the curiata (in which the people were assembled by the thirty hereditary curia), for hearing lawsuits, and for contiones. (Its position is a subject of great controversy: probably it was at the end of the Forum towards the Capitoline hill.) defigere, plant. quod i. e. that point which. - celebritate, thronged condition. — potuit, sc. fieri. — prætervectione, etc., on the track of all who sail to and fro by the Straits of Messina.

THE ROMAN FORUM.

NORTH.

The Forum Romanum was an open space, about 600 feet long, and 200 feet wide at its broader end, which lay against the steep slope of the Capitoline Hill. It was surrounded by the principal buildings of the city, something as represented above- though the exact position of most of them is uncertain. The space bounded by the broken line is flagged; at the broader end was the Comitium, higher than the rest; between them the Rostra, from which a speaker could face either part. Statues and monuments were set here and there in the space, and rows of shops or booths (taberna) were on each side. The line ---- represents the probable route of the triumphal procession along the Sacra Via, passing by the Clivus Capitolinus and the 100 steps up to the temple of Capitoline Jupiter. The two summits at the left were covered with temples; and the Palatine, at the right (below) with the finest private residences. Portions of the pavement have been uncovered at a depth of 15 to 20 feet below the present level of the streets, and 53 feet below the higher portion of the Sacra Via, as it passes over the Velia, the low hill at the right.

The known or probable sites are-1. Tabularium. - 2. Temple of Concord. - 3. Dungeon (carcer).-4. Senaculum (open platform in the space called Volcanal, and connected with the Græcostasis, for the reception of ambassadors). - 5. Curia Hostilia. 6. Basilica Porcia. - 7. Curia Emilia.-8. Temple of Saturn. 9. Basilica Sempronia. -10. Temple of Castor.-11. Temple of Minerva.-12. Temple of Vesta.-13. Regia. -14. Fabian Arch. -15. Altar of the Penates (on the Velia).

THE MANILIAN LAW.

Argument.

CHAP. 1. Exordium. Why this is Cicero's first appearance before a political assembly. -Narratio. 2. Statement of the case: Mithridates and Tigranes have made war on the Roman domain. The war is demanded by the dignity and safety of the State. Confirmatio. I. 3, 4. Conduct of Mithridates: his preparations for war; massacre of Roman citizens; success of former commanders. -5. Present tameness of the Roman people contrasted with their ancient pride. The allies, whose safety is at stake, demand Pompey as commander.-6. The chief revenues are at stake, endangered by mere suspicion of calamity. 7. The general financial ruin resulting from disaster to the publicani.— II. 8. Magnitude of the war: (objection that, though important, it is not formidable :) successful campaign of Lucullus. 9. But Mithridates has gained new strength; fresh nations are roused, and the Roman army disheartened; possible disaster. - III. 10. Who then should be appointed? Military experience of Pompey. -11, 12. His successes, especially in the Piratic war. State of things in that war, even in the neighborhood of Rome. — 13, 14. His moral qualities: blamelessness, humanity, self-restraint, easy manners. 15. His prestige and influence, especially as derived from the Piratic war.16. His reputation in the East, largely resulting from his brilliant fortune.-17. Morehe is on the spot. — Confutatio. Objection of Hortensius, that all power ought not to be given to one man. 18. Refuted by the precedent of the Gabinian Law. - 19. (Incidentally Gabinius should be assigned to Pompey as legatus.)—20. Objection of Catulus, that the proposition is against precedent. — -21. Evaded by referring to other violations of precedent in Pompey's case.-22. Appeal to the people against these objections. Peculiar qualities are needed, which exist in him. -23. His especial virtue of moderation and selfrestraint.-Peroratio. 24. Cicero advocates his cause purely from devotion to the com

over,

monwealth.

The speech on the Manilian Law is pronounced by Halm to give a better example of the systematic plan of a deliberative oration than any other of antiquity. It was delivered in a contio, or public meeting of Roman citizens, held for debate or address merely. The contio could be called by any magistrate who had any matter to lay before the people, and was held regularly in the Comitium, or elevated part of the Forum. (See note on Verr. V. § 14.) After a rogatio (proposition of a law) had been offered, the contio was called, in order that the voters might hear the arguments on both sides; and any person might speak to whom the presiding magistrate gave permission. When the rogatio had been thus discussed, the comitia (see note on Verr. I. § 18) voted upon it, Yes or No.

PAGE.

58. § 1. frequens conspectus vester, the sight of you in full assembly. hic locus, the Rostra. - agendum, taking public action (see note, R. A., § 55). — amplissimus, dignified (of the magistrates' power); ornatissimus, honorable (of private glory).— Quirites, fellow-citizens: the name by which the Romans were addressed when acting in a civil capacity. The word is usually derived from quiris, spear (a Sabine word): by Lange and others it is connected with curia, the earliest political division of the people. hoc aditu, this avenue: i. e. addressing them on political questions. optimo cuique (§ 17, 5, c), i. e. such as the

magistrate would permit. ―rationes, plan: the plural indicating the details which would enter into it.

In the structure of this opening sentence, notice the antithetic balancing of one word or clause against another, which marks the Latin periodic style (see § 76, 4). It consists of two parts, - the first Concessive, introduced by quamquam, the second Adversative, introduced by tamen. So, in the first, conspectus balances locus, which is brought into relief by autem (and again); while ad agendum amplissimus and ad dicendum ornatissimus are balanced in like manner against each other. In the second, the relative clause qui... patuit (virtually concessive) is, as usual, embodied in the main clause, bringing the relative as near as possible to its antecedent aditu; voluntas and rationes are set in antithesis by sed; while the main verb, prohibuerunt, as usual, comes last. The logical form of the whole is, "Though political speaking is agreeable, yet I have been prevented," &c.

By stating first the leading thought (hoc aditu, etc.), and putting the verb at the end (the most emphatic place), Latin is able to make the main clause active, thus partly disguising the antithesis. But here, as elsewhere, it is of great help in reading to observe these two rules: (1) that Latin puts first the main idea, the key to the whole; and (2) that it constantly deals in antitheses, often forcing them when they do not naturally occur (as in amplissimus and ornatissimus), each thought or expression having its pendant, like ornaments which go in pairs. (See note on the opening sentence of the oration on Roscius, p. 1.)

cum, while..

antea, i. e. until his time was claimed by public interests of the state. auctoritatem: the position itself (locus) of the speaker carried weight, — statuerem, made it a principle. - perfectum ingenio, i. e. the fruit of fully developed mental power. — elaboratum, laboriously wrought, needing more practice than youth could give.-temporibus, occasions or exigencies (a common word to denote the condition of an accused person). A Roman lawyer was not regarded as doing a service for hire, but was expected to defend his friends gratuitously. He was, indeed, prohibited from receiving pay. No bargain was made, but it was understood that the obliged party gave a liberal present to his patronus.

§ 2. ita, accordingly, referring to the idea contained in transmittendum. — neque . . . et, here the first clause is really concessive: it may be rendered while . . . yet. — caste, with clean hands; integre, in good faith to the client.—judicio, i. e. their action in electing him. The term judicare is applied to any act that amounts to a formal expression of judgment, though not a technical decision. fructum, reward, i. e. the several grades of office he had already filled he was now prætor. — amplisssimum (emphatic by position), the richest. dilationem, adjournment: there were many things which could break up an assembly and put off the business, especially unfavorable auguries, the announcement of which was a favorite device of politicians. — prætor primus: the eight prætors were regarded as colleagues, and determined their several functions as urbanus, peregrinus, or president of quastiones perpetuæ - by lot. Prætor primus means, therefore, only that Cicero was the first of the eight who got a majority. If any

failed of the requisite number of votes, he must be voted for again; and if the proceedings were broken off, the whole election began anew, including those already chosen. Hence Cicero was thrice declared elected (ter renuntiatus sum). — centuriis, abl. of means. — quid aliis, etc., i. e. to win like distinction. 59. honoribus, see note, Verr. I. § 36.. (loosely), for speaking. — vigilanti, wide-awake.

ad agendum forensi usu,

the practice of the forum (where the courts were held).- quoque, i. e. as well as to military or public acts.

§ 3. atque, and further (emphatic). — lætandum (§ 35, 1, b), a thing to be glad of. — mihi following insolita (§ 51, 4, 6). ratione, style, i. e. as affected by his new position on the rostra. oratio, language; orationis, argument (abstracts from oro, in its original sense of to speak).—singulari, unparalleled (as compared with the excellence of others); eximia, exalted (as compared with absolute perfection). — virtute, good qualities, generally. — copia, ample material.

§ 4. atque (the strongest of the copulas), and now, to come to the point. vectigalibus ac sociis, tributaries and allies (of which latter some were tributary and others not). — infertur, used of offensive war.- Tigrane: he was king of Armenia, and son-in

law of Mithridates.

Armenia, the mountain region east of Asia Minor, was never thoroughly incorporated in the empire of Alexander, and after his death became an independent kingdom. Tigranes, by help of Mithridates, enlarged his dominions by conquest, and built a new and splendid capital, Tigranocerta. The two allied kings seemed about to get the mastery of the whole East; but the defeat of Tigranes by Lucullus (B. C. 69), with the capture and destruction of his capital, reduced his short-lived empire to less than its former dimensions. This remote and inaccessible kingdom remained practically independent until the conquest of the Turks in the eleventh century.

relictus, i. e. before the contest was fully decided. Tigranes, on the other hand, had been only harassed (lacessitus), not seriously attacked. — Asiam: i. e. the province of this name, occupying the western half of Asia Minor, and bordering on the dominions of Mithridates. - quorum. occupatæ, whose large properties, invested in managing your revenues, are endangered. The revenues were farmed out to societates (companies) of publicani, who were members of the equestrian order (see § 15). — necessitudine, close relation: Cicero was of an equestrian family.

...

§ 5. Bithyniæ: this territory had been bequeathed to the Roman republic by Nicomedes III. (B. C. 74).· exustos, burnt to ashes. Ariobarzanis, king of Cappadocia, which had been overrun by Mithridates. Lucullum (see Introd.): Lucullus was related to both branches of the family of Metellus, and married Clodia, sister of the notorious Publius Clodius. It was chiefly this mischievous demagogue, who was serving with his brother-inlaw, that stirred up the dissensions and mutinies which robbed