loving portion of the community. See Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiquities, OPTIMATES. 6. Locus. The temple of Jupiter Stator at the foot of the Palatine. See infr. ch. 5, 11, and 2, 6, 12. The regular meetings of the senate were held on the calends, nones, and ides of each month, and commonly in the Curia Hostilia. Extraordinary meetings (senatus indictus) might be called on other days, and were often held in temples, or some other place inaugurated by the augurs for the purpose.-Munitissimus. From its position as well as from the special guard set there on this occasion.-Horum ora vultusque. All the senators rose up and left the bench on which Catiline seated himself. Comp. below, ch. 7, 16, 17, and 2, 6, 12. The words ora and vultus are often found in connection. They both denote the countenance as making known the state of the mind- -os more the natural and habitl state, as indicated by the expression of the mouth and lower part of the face; vultus rather the temporary and changing state, as expressed by the motion of the eye and brow. 7. Non sentis. Orelli (ad Verr. 4, 9, 19) states very clearly and neatly the difference between non and nonne in direct questions: "ubi dico non-est? certus sententiæ meæ adversarii responsum non curo; ubi interrogo nonne-est? opto atque exspecto eum, quem interrogo, mihi assensurum. In illo igitur major vis inest." Hand (Turs. iv. p. 309) says, "Is qui per non quærit, supponit negationem in alterius, quocum loquitur, sententia, quam alter respondendo, aut pronuntiat, aut rejicit affirmans contrarium.-Utuntur hac dictione indignabundi, aut irascentes, aut admirantes." 8. Constrictam.... teneri. See Z. § 592. The metaphor is taken from chaining a wild beast, to which he compares the conspiracy. Cf. Phil. 7, 8, 27; Sest. 7, 16. 9. Quid proxima, quid superiore. The "nox superior" here mentioned is the same as that called "prior," § 8; viz. the night which followed the day after the nones of November,-the night between Nov. 6 and 7. The conspirators were then assembled in the house of M. Porcius Læca; ch. 4, § 8; pro Sulla, 18, 52. The "nox proxima" is of course the night between Nov. 7 and 8. In what way Catiline was engaged on this night we are not informed.-Comp. Arch. 5, 11, proximis censoribus—superioribus—primis. 10. Quos convocaveris. See Sall. Cat. 17. Muretus has collected from ancient authorities the names of forty persons connected with the conspiracy.-Quid consilii. See ch. 4, 9; Sall. Cat. 27, 28; and pro Sulla, 18, 52. 11. Arbitraris. See Z. 166. Page 13. Vivit? Immo vero. If a word only is to be corrected, it is done by putting that word into the form of a question with or without dicam, and answering it by immo. So ad Att. 12, 43: Ferendus 9 Page 9 tibi in hoc meus error; ferendus? immo vero etiam adjuvandus. See also Z. § 277 and 823.-In senatum. Catiline had been prætor, and therefore possessed the right to a seat in the senate. His motive in appearing there at this time is given in Sall. Cat. 31. 14. Notat et designat. As those who are about to offer a sacrifice mark the victims out of the flock. p. Leg. Man. 3, 7: cives Romanos necandos trucidandosque denotavit. 16. Videmur. Sc. nobis. See Z. § 380.-Istius. This is the regular pronoun by which the advocate speaks (in the 3d person) of the person against whom he is pleading = "the person who stands there before you (the judges)," or "whom you (the counsel for the opposite party) defend." The notion of depreciation does not by any means belong to the word; it can at most be implied, from the frequency of its use, to denote another person whom the speaker is attacking, and some one else defending. See P. C. 377 and 382; Z. 127 and 701. 17. Ad mortem. ... oportebat. This is his proposition, which he enforces by the example of others.-Jampridem. See below, 2, 4: vicesimum jam diem.-Jussu consulis. The consuls were invested, for the time being, with absolute power. See ch. 2, 4; and Sall. Cat. 29. Otherwise they had not the power of life and death over a Roman citizen. 18. Oportebat. See Z. § 518. 19. Jamdiu machinaris. The present tense in Latin is often used as a present, including past time; especially with jamdiu and jamdudum = have been ―ing. P. C. 413.—Machinari = μnxavãodai, So machinator, 3, 3, 6.—Machinari and moliri are both used of great undertakings. The former expresses more the secret and artful means, the latter the strong effort. Here machinaris is used because the conspiracy is looked upon as secretly and cunningly prosecuted by artful means; in 2, 1, 1, moliri is used, as the conspiracy was already discovered, and the powerful efforts of Catiline were known. Schultz.— An vero. A formula of the argument a minore ad majus, thus stated: whereas P. Scipio, a private individual, slew Tib. Gracchus, much more ought the consuls to have slain Catiline. Here when the sentence is of the form, "Can A do this-(but) B not do it?" consisting of two questions, the first is often introduced by an or (stronger) an See Z. § 781; and Krebs' Guide, 332, (8). On the interrogative an, see P. C. 120; Z. 353. vero. 20. P. Scipio. P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio, consul with D. Junius Brutus, A. U. c. 616.—Ti. Gracchum. Ti. Gracchus, descended from a father who had been twice consul, and Cornelia, daughter of the elder Africanus, when tribune of the commons, promised the rights of citizenship to the whole of Italy. At the same time, moreover, having Page promulgated the Agrarian laws, he deprived his colleague Octavius of 9 his office, and constituted himself, his father-in-law Appius, and his brother Caius, a triumvirate for the division of lands and the plantation of colonies. Upon this, P. Scipio Nasica, his cousin-german, from the upper part of the Capitol, summoned all who had at heart the welfare of their country to follow him, and rushed upon the crowd of Gracchus' adherents. Gracchus, as he fled, was struck down by the fragment of a bench, and expired at the very gates of the temple of Fides, A. U. c. 621. Here and below, 2, § 4, Cicero speaks mildly of the offence of the Gracchi, to contrast the conduct for which they suffered with the fearful crime that Catiline meditated. Another passage, in which he speaks of the Gracchi with great moderation (but possibly, says Klotz, to please the people), is in the second book De Lege Agrar. 5, 10: " Venit enim mihi in mentem duos clarissimos, ingeniosissimos, amantissimos plebi Romanæ viros, Ti. et C. Gracchos, plebem in agris publicis constituisse, qui agri a privatis antea possidebantur. Non sum autem ego is Consul, qui, ut plerique, nefas esse arbitrer Gracchos laudare; quorum consiliis, sapientia, legibus multas esse video rei publicæ partes constitutas." Quintilian points out the antithetical character of this passage: "Hic et Catilina Graccho, et status rei publicæ orbi terrarum, et mediocris labefactatio cædi et incendiis et vastationi, et privatus consulibus comparatur." viii. 4, 14.-Pontifex maximus. Cicero appears to have added these words simply to remind his hearers that Scipio was a distinguished and prudent man, who had had that high office. It agrees also very well with the subsequent privatus, since the priesthood was not strictly a magistracy, and accordingly the pontifex, unless he at the same time held some magistracy besides, was only a private man. Consult Schmitz, Hist. Rome, pp. 330-333. 24. Spurium Mælium, a Roman knight, who, when the Roman people were suffering from famine, A. U. c. 314, distributed corn to them at his own expense. Having thus gained over the commons, he aimed at regal power, and was slain by Servilius Ahala, at the command of Q. Cincinnatus the dictator, A. u. c. 315. Cf. Liv. 4, 13. See Schmitz, Hist. Rome, p. 126.-Novis rebus studentem, aiming to overturn the government, νεωτερίζοντα. 25. Fuit, fuit. Geminatio. Arnold, Prose Composition, p. 263. It gives emphasis. So below, nos, nos. 27. Coercerent. This is the vocabulum proprium to express the executive duty of a magistrate. Cf. de Legg. 3, 3, 6; de Off. 3, 5, 23. 1. Non deest rei publice consilium. Rei publice is usually 10 construed as the dative with deest. Benecke, however, regards it as the genitive limiting consilium, and referring the whole sentence to the historical events cited, he gives the following as the sense: "There Page 10 is no lack of decisions of the state, i. e. our state has already, often by individual patriots punished dangerous citizens; also the authority of the senate is not wanting; nothing stands in the way of thy punishment, except that we the consuls make no use of the early precedents, and do not apply the powers conferred on us by the senate.” Or if this explanation appears too forced (B. continues), consilium may be taken as = qui rei publicae consulunt. Cf. de Legg. 2, 12, 30. CH. II.-3. L. Opimius, &c. When C. Gracchus and M. Fulvius Flaccus, a man of consular rank, and who had been honored with a triumph, were summoned to appear before the senate, they disobeyed, and occupied the Aventine, posting themselves at the temple of Diana. Twice they sent the younger son of Fulvius to make terms; but the second time Opimius caused him to be seized, and advanced to the attack. The insurgents fled: Fulvius, with his eldest son, was slain ; Gracchus prevailed on his slave to dispatch him. The younger son of Fulvius, who had been seized, was allowed to choose the manner of his own death. See Schmitz, Rome, p. 338. 4. Ne quid res publica det. caperet. This was the usual formula by which the senate conferred upon the consuls unlimited power in dangerous times. Sall. Cat. 29; Liv. 3, 4. 5. Intercessit, viz. between the conferring of this power and the death of Gracchus: on the same day therefore. Medius also with a noun and esse is sometimes used like intercedere, and the following clause connected by et, especially in the poets. Propert. 3, 14, 1; Ovid, Fast. 3, 809. 6. Patre. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, who had been twice consul (A. U. C. 577 and 591) and censor, and had triumphed for a victory over the Celtiberians.-Avo. P. Scipio Africanus Major. 7. Simili senatus consulto. See p. C. Rabir. 7, 20. 10. Plebi. See Z. § 85, Note 3. 11. Remorata est. As both things and persons are said differri, Cicero here, instead of saying that their death was put off, speaks of death (whom he here personifies), putting off, reprieving, as it were, Saturninus to a more distant day.-Mors ac rei p. pœna = mortis pana a re p. inflicta. See Z. 741.-Vicesimum. Asconius observes that it was only the eighteenth day; but Ahrens shows that Cicero is correct, according to the Roman way of reckoning in the two broken days. 12. Hebescere aciem.... auctoritatis. Metaphorically, from the comparison of the decree to a sword. 14. Ex senatus consulto. See Z. § 309, 3d paragraph. 15. Convenit = consentaneum fuit, oportuit, par fuit. Cf. cap. 1, 4. 16. Vivis: et vivis. See Z. 717.-Ad deponendam. .. ац. Page daciam. Is the accusative of the gerund followed by its object-accu- 10 sative a common construction in Latin? See Z. 666. 17. Cupio... ..... me esse clementem; cupio in tantis rei publicæ periculis me non dissolutum videri. The two wishes are opposed: "I wish to be lenient," and (on the other hand, or, at the same time) "I am anxious not to be justly thought guilty of any want of proper firmness;" or, as Manutius gives the meaning, "ita me cupio esse clementem ut dissolutus ne sim;" or "cupio quidem me esse clementem, sed idem tamen cupio me non dissolutum videri." Weiske; who compares Lucceii Ep. ad Fam. 5, 14, extr. Cupio non obtundere te..... cupio deterrere. The introduction of the acc. pronoun (cupio me esse clementem, for esse clemens) gives more prominence to the circumstance wished, by disconnecting it from the cupio. Cf. sapientem civem me et esse et numerari volo (Fam. 1, 9, 18). After what verb of wishing is C. foud of inserting the pronoun ? P. C. 149, note r. Compare Z. 610. 19. Me ipsum. Others read me ipse. On the difference, see Arnold, P. C. § 368; Krebs, Guide, § 127; Zumpt, Gr. § 696.— Inertia nequitiaque. Compare ch. 11, § 29. 21. In Etruriæ faucibus. At Fæsulæ. Sall. 28. Mallius in Etruria plebem sollicitare.... præterea latrones cujusque generis nonnullos ex Sullanis colonis.-Crescit in dies. On in dies and quotidie, line 24, see P. C. 69, t. With words containing what idea is in dies found? See Z. § 315, 2d paragraph, in fin. nay more, nay even.. = Z. 737. 23. Atque adeo 25. Credo, &c. For the construction of verbs and expressions which denote fear, see Arnold, P. C. §.95; and Zumpt, §§ 533–535. Here the irony conveyed by credo (Z. 777) makes the sentence equivalent to non erit verendum mihi, &c.; and the sense is: "I am convinced that all patriots will regard your death as occurring too late, rather than as too severe and cruel." Benecke cites a very similar passage from Cic. de lege agra. 1, 8, 24. 27. Quisquam. Explain its use here. P. C. 390, v. Z. 709.Dicat agrees with the nearest subject. Z. 373. 28. Certa de causa. See Z. 308, in fin. This reason is explained in what follows, and more fully, ch. 12, and 2, 2, 3. 29. Interficiam te; i. e. I will order you to be put to death. Z. 713. [So the Lex Clodia condemned Cicero, " quod cives Romanos indicta causa necasset."] 30. Tam tui similis. What is the difference between mei and mihi similis? P. C. 212, w. Z. 411, 3d paragraph. 32. Quamdiu quisquam erit, qui. Explain the use of quisquam here. P. C. 391, w; Z. 709, b. Cf. Verr. 4, 39, 85: pœnam capitis constitutam, si injussu senatus quisquam attigisset. 33. Sed vives. Sed is a conjecture of Weiske and Madvig. Klotz |