ness are fully compensated by an equal want of skill and a greater want of activity on the part of the enemy. The Greeks had not suffered so severely on any occasion since the beginning of the war; more than two hundred fell in the actions near New Navarin, and a much greater number in the island, together with near one hundred of their invaluable seamen.

Ibrahim soon afterwards sustained a naval loss at Mothóni, which, although highly honourable to Greek enterprize, was not of sufficient magnitude materially to affect the operations of the Ottoman fleet. After the capture of Sphacteria, six ships of war and about thirty transports were followed by Miaoulis into the harbour of Mothóni, where more than half of them were destroyed by the Greek fire-ships.

When Neó-Kastro capitulated, the Moréa had already been abandoned by the Greek troops of Northern Greece, and was left to the defence of its native Armatolí. It was particularly upon the former brave men that the loss on the 19th April had fallen, and as they had heard of the arrival of Reshid Pasha as Seraskier in Epirus, and of his approach with a large force to Mesolonghi, it would have been impossible, under these

circumstances, for the Etæan and Ætolian chiefs to keep their followers from proceeding to the defence of their own mountains, had they been ever so well inclined. These troops, it is to be observed, had entered the peninsula in the preceding autumn by the orders or rather at the persuasion of the government, which by their means had frustrated an attempt of Kolokotroni, in union with some of the leading primates of the Moréa, to change the executive power by force of arms. In consequence of the event of this conspiracy, Kolokotroni, at the time of the retreat of the Northern Armatolí from the Moréa, was a prisoner in Ydra; but, abandoned by the troops of Northern Greece, the executive body had no other resource than that of restoring the military power into the hands in which alone the Moreite troops had confidence. An amnesty was therefore published, and Kolokotroni, protesting all oblivion of the past, proceeded to collect the Armatolí of the peninsula, in order to oppose the advance of the Egyptians.

In the beginning of June a detachment of Ibrahim's army defeated a body of Greeks at Aghia, on the mountain which overhangs the town of Arkadhia (the ancient Cyparissus); and about the

same time the Pasha himself occupied Kalamáta, at the opposite extremity of Messenia, thus becoming master of all the resources of this fertile portion of the peninsula. From Kalamáta he soon began his march into the interior. After having sustained some loss from the troops of Kolokotróni in crossing the mountain now called Makriplaghi, which separates the plain of Messene from the valley of Megalopolis or the Upper Alpheius, he occupied, on the 20th June, the abandoned and half-demolished Tripolitza, and hastening to profit by his advantages, appeared before Nauplia in one month after the capture of Neó-Kastro. A division of his army attacked the Greek outposts at the Mills of Nauplia on the 25th June, but without success; although the Greeks under Demetrius Ypsilanti (who had been living for the last two or three years retired from affairs at Tripolitza) had, in no part of the action, more than a few hundred men, supported by the fire of some small armed vessels anchored near the shore.

Having failed in his principal design, that of surprising Nauplia or of intimidating it into terms of capitulation, Ibrahim retreated from the Argolis, and endeavoured to attain the next most im

portant object, that of opening a passage to Patra; but the mountainous districts of Arcadia and Achaia, which are interposed between that city and the plains of Mantineia and Argos, are exactly suited to such troops as the Armatolí of Greece; and though these were unable, as well from their numbers as their want of discipline, to face the Egyptians in a general action, or to interrupt the Pasha's communications with the Messenian ports, Ibrahim, on his part, has suffered considerable loss from sickness as well as from the sword, and has only been able to overrun the plains and to reduce all the most fertile parts of the country to that desolation which proverbially attends the footsteps of a Turkish soldier, even in peace. And thus was annihilated in a few weeks that slight improvement which had been produced by a three years' exemption from the blighting presence of the Musulmans, during which an increase of inhabitants seeking refuge from other parts of Greece, together with the confidence inspired by a government which, however imperfect, had been sufficiently composed of right materials to produce some beneficial reforms, promised in a short time to effect a favourable change in the whole peninsula. Schools of mutual

instruction and other places of education had been established in several towns, and no sooner had the government obtained the power of taking the collection of the revenue out of the hands of the old primates and captains of Armatolí, than the national domains formed of the confiscated Turkish property were let for double the sum that had been given for them in the preceding year.

In Northern Greece the war has been a repetition of that of the former campaigns with little variation. The same military plan (and in fact no other can well be devised) has produced similar movements, while the same defects in the Turkish system, without any abatement in the rude activity and courage which characterizes the Greeks, has led to similar failures.

About the same time that the Egyptian army occupied Messenia, the Osmanlys moved from Epirus and Thessaly upon the shores of the Corinthiac gulf: a Turkish division, making a rapid movement from Zitúni, seized upon Súlona, and in the end of April the Seraskier Reshid Pasha appeared before Mesolónghi. But he came quite unprovided with heavy artillery; the Ottoman fortresses at the entrance of the gulf were unable to supply him to any great extent, and the