Page 68 sition to reason, like the madman. 2. Furor denotes mental irritation, ecstasy, as raging: delirium, a physical and childish remission of the mental faculties: rabies, a half moral condition of a passionate insanity, as frantic. The furibundus forgets the bounds of sense, the delirus babbles nonsense, the rabidus will bite and injure when he can. Död. 69 6. Quid .... vererentur = what, pray, should they fear? 7. Sua = their own: ipsius = his; i. e. Caesar's. 8. Factum (esse) periculum = trial had been made. 9. Factum: sc. periculum. 10. Servili tumultu = at the time of the insurrection of the slaves. 11. Quos relates to the idea of servi contained in servili. 12. Quos tamen = and yet 13. Aliquid = some, somewhat. them. 14. 1. Vinco means to drive an adversary from his place: supero, to win a place from an adversary. The vincens has more to do with living objects, with enemies: the superans, with inanimate objects, with difficulties. 2. Evinco denotes especially the exertion and duration of the conflict: devinco, its consequence, and the completeness of the victory. 3. Vinco means to conquer by fighting: opprimo, without fighting, by merely appearing, in consequence of a surprisal, or of a decided superiority of forces. Död. 15. Neque... . fecissent = and had given (them) no opportunity of fighting with him. 16. Desperantes, dispersos: sc. Gallos. 17. Ratione et consilio = by stratagem and craft. posse = that not even he himself (Ariovistus) tive to provisions: lit. to the pretence of provisions. 20. Conferrent = attributed. 21. Officio = ability. 22. Audientes = obedient. 23. Scire. ... convictam for he knew that to whomsoever an army has not been obedient to orders, either success has been wanting through (some) mismanagement of an affair, or avarice has been clearly proved (against them), in consequence of the discovery of some base deed. 24. Innocentiam = integrity, disinterestedness: opp. to avaritiam. Page 25. Quod .... repraesentaturum = would perform imme- 69 diately what he was intending to defer to a more distant day. 26. De quarta vigilia. V. XII. n. 4. 27. Praetoriam cohortem. This was the general's body-70 guard. They were distinguished by double pay and especial privileges. 28. Praecipue. V. Ec. Cic. XXVI. n. 9. 29. Maxime is emphatic, as it stands at the end of the sentence. CH. XLI. 1. Decima legio. The legions were numbered in the order in which they were raised. 2. Egerunt (sc. id) = (lit.) had this in view, aimed at this. The whole may be rendered, endeavored to excuse themselves to Caesar. 3. Se, etc. = saying (implied in egerunt) that they, &c. 4. Dubitasse . . . . timuisse : sc. de summa belli. 5. Summa = command-in-chief. Suum (esse) = belonged to them. 6. Ex aliis = of all others. = 7. Itinere exquisito, ut duceret the route having been inquired into (and found to be such) that he could lead. Ut duceret depends upon exquisito; for the phrase in the parenthesis is implied in exquisito. 8. Locis apertis = through an open country. CH. XLII. 1. Postulasset. V. XXXIV. 2. Per se = through his (Caesar's) own means. 3. Accessisset: sc. Caesar. 4. Se; i. e. Ariovistus. 5. Revertor and revenio denote properly only momentary actions; revertor, in opp. to proficiscor, the turning back; revenio, in opp. to advenio, the return; whereas redeo denotes a more lasting action, which lies between turning back and the return, in opp. to porro ire, the journey home. Död. 6. Petenti = to him (Caesar) asking; i. e. to his request. 7. Alia ratione = on any other terms. 8. Interposita causa = under any pretext. 9. Eo in eos: sc. equos. 10. Quam. V. III. n. 4. 11. Ad.... rescribere = he was transferring them to the cavalry. The equites occupied a more honorable position, and re ceived higher pay, than the pedites, or infantry. CH. XLIII. 1. Ariovisti et Caesaris. Instead of these words, many copies have utrisque. 71 Page 71 72 2. Ex equis = on horseback: lit. from their horses. 3. Quod rex - quod amicus - quod munera. The repetition of a word at the beginning of successive clauses renders each clause emphatic. The figure is called anaphora. V. A. & S., 324, 13. 4. Munera. When the Romans conferred the title of king upon any one, it was customary to make him rich presents as a token of their friendship. 5. Pro .... officiis = in consideration of important services of men. 6. Aditum: sc. ad senatum. 7. Postulandi: sc. ea; i. e. praemia. 8. Ipsis ... . intercederent the Romans) and the Aedui. = existed between them (i. e. 9. Quotiens: commonly written quoties. 10. In eos = respecting them; i. e. to honor them. 11. Ut how. 12. Ut velit = to wish. The clause introduced by ut explains consuetudinem. 13. Sui of their own; i. e. rights, honors, privileges, &c. 14. Quod.... posset = but who could bear that that should be stripped from them, which they had brought to the friendship of the Roman people? i. e. which they possessed when they entered into the alliance. 15. In.... dederat = had given in charge. 16. At = yet at least. 17. Quos amplius = any more. CH. XLIV. 1. De.... praedicavit = spoke many things boastfully of his own merits. 2. The whole chapter from transisse is in indirect discourse. V. K. § 117, and A. & S. § 266, 2, for the use of modes. 3. 1. Sponte means voluntarily; whereas ultro, in an over ready manner; so that sponte refers to the mind of the agent, ultro to the thing itself. Sponte accusare means to accuse of one's own accord; whereas ultro accusare means to obtrude one's self into the office of an accuser, when one should be satisfied with not being one's self accused. 2. Sponte, from choice, is in opp. to casu, or necessitate; whereas sua sponte, quite of one's own accord, in opp. to rogatus, provocatus, or invitatus. 3. Sponte and spontaneus paint the voluntary action as an act of the understanding: voluntate and voluntarius, as an act of the will, in opp. to invite: libentur and libens, as an act of feeling, in opp. to taedio. Död. 4. Gallis; i. e. the Arverni and Sequani. V. XXXI. 5. Hendiadys for magna spe magnorum praemiorum. This figure is the expression of an idea by two nouns connected by a conjunction, instead of a noun and a limiting adjective or genitive. 6. Ipsis: sc. Gallis. 7. Omnes .... civitates. This is not strictly true: only the Aedui and their allies fought against him. 8. De....recusare. Caesar had made no such refusal directly, but he had demanded that he should restore the hostages; thereby depriving him of the only means of enforcing the payment of tribute. Hence (as Dr. Schmitz remarks), he says de stipendio recusare, and not stipendium recusare. Page 72 9. Id; i. e. amicitiam populi Romani. The id gives a more gen- 78 eral meaning than eam would. 10. Dediticii = those who have surrendered. 11. Quod traducat = with regard to the fact that he is lead ing over. So quod diceret below. 12. Nisi rogatus = without being asked. 13. Defenderet = has warded it off. 14. Populum: sc. venisse. A false statement. 15. Galliae provinciae. V. I. n. 10. 16. Sibi; i. e. Caesar. Suas; i. e. Ariovistus. 17. Hanc Galliam = this part of Gaul. 18. E senatus consulto. Most copies read a senatu. 19. Ipsos; i. e. Aeduos. .... 20. Debere .. habere = that he ought to suspect that Caesar, under the pretence of friendship (towards, to the Aedui), inasmuch as he has an army in Gaul, has it (there) for the purpose of crushing him (Ariovistus). 21. Decedat. The student will notice that the tenses of this speech frequently change from the imperf. to the pres., and vice versa: accordingly, the verbum dicendi understood, on which the whole depends, must be supposed to be changed from the perf. historical to the pres. historical. 22. Quod.... interfecerit = if, however, he kills him (Caesar). Here the verbum decendi must be supposed to be in the present; consequently, what would be the fut. perf. in direct, becomes the perf. sub. in indirect discourse. ... 23. Gratum facturum = he shall do (a thing) pleasing. Caesar had many violent opponents at Rome, who had already become apprehensive of his insatiable ambition Page 78 24. Compertum habere. V. XV. n. 2. 25. Decessisset. Now the verbum dicendi must be supposed to be changed to the historical perf., since the fut. perf. of the direct has become the pluperf. of the indirect discourse. 74 CH. XLV. 1. In to show why (quare). .... sententiam for this purpose; i. e. 2. Et....suam, etc. = and that neither his own custom nor that of the Roman people permitted, &c. 3. Quibus ignovisset – in provinciam redegisset. A conquered nation was said to be pardoned, when the people were permitted to enjoy their own laws and choose their own rulers: on the contrary it was said to be reduced to a province when they were deprived of their sovereignty, and compelled to pay tribute. 4. Quam... . voluisset = since they (senatus) had decreed (lit. willed) that it (quam), though conquered in war, should enjoy its own laws. CH. XLVI. 1. Facit recepit - imperavit. Such changes of tense in the same sentence are not uncommon among the historians; though the text seems to be quite unsettled in this place: some reading fecit, and others facit and recipit. 2. Committendum (sc. sibi) = that he should cause, that he should so act. V. XIII. at the end for an example of committo followed by ut. 3. Per fidem = on account of the appearance, or pretence, of faithfulness; i. e. on the part of Caesar. 4. In .... militum = among the common soldiers. 5. Qua arrogantia — usus = with what arrogance: lit. using what arrogance. The subjunctives, interdixisset, fecissent, diremisset, are all in the same construction; namely, indirect questions: the first two depending upon qua, and the last upon ut = how. 6. Omni.... interdixisset = had forbidden the Romans the use of all Gaul. Interdico is constructed with the acc. and abl., the acc. and dat. (very rare), and, as in the present instance, with the dat. and abl. 75 CH. XLVII. 1. Velle se - ut constitueret. The student will notice the twofold construction after legatos mittit. This expression implies saying, and therefore requires the acc. with the inf.: it also implies asking, and accordingly requires ut with the subj. V. II. n. 4. 2. Uti = (asking) that. 3. 1. Sermo denotes a conversation accidentally arising, or at |