situation is uncertain.

Ambivariti, ōrum, m., a people of Belgic

Gaul, probably on the left bank of the
Mosa (Meuse).

Ampius, i, m. (T.). V. Epp. Cic. XII. n. 1.
Anaxagoras, ae, m., a very distinguished
Greek philosopher of Clazomenae, born
about B. C. 499.

Andes, ium, m., a Gallic tribe north of the

Liger (Loire), and east of the Nannetes,
near the modern Anjou.
Andocumborius, i, m., an ambassador sent
from the Remi to Caesar.
Andricus, i, m., a slave of Cicero.
Annius, i, m. (Q.), a senator and one of
Catiline's conspirators, B. C. 63. He was
not taken with Cethegus and the others,
and nothing is known of his future fate.
Antiochea, ae, f., Antioch, the chief city in
Syria.

Antiochus, i, m., a native of Ascalon in

southern Palestine, and a teacher at
Athens in B. C. 79.

Antonius, i, m. (C.), surnamed Hybrida,

was the son of M. Antonius, the orator,
and the uncle of M. Antonius, the trium-
vir. In his praetorship (65) and consul-
ship (63) he had Cicero as his colleague.
According to most accounts, Antony
was one of Catiline's conspirators, and
his well-known extravagance and rapa-
city seem to render this probable. Cicero
gained him over to his side by promising
him the rich province of Macedonia, in
which he would have a better opportunity
of amassing wealth than in the other
consular province of Gaul. Antony had
to lead an army against Catiline, but, un-
willing to fight against his former friend,
he gave the command on the day of battle
to his legate, M.Petreius. V.Sall. XXVI.
n. 7. Epp. Cic. II. n. 19.
Apamea, ae, f., a considerable town in
Phrygia Major, on the river Meander.
Apelles, is, m., a distinguished Greek

divisions into which Caesar divided Gaul,
bounded on the north by the Garumna
(Garonne), and on the south by the
Pyrenees.

Arae Alexandri, a place near Issus, where
Alexander, having defeated Darius,
consecrated three altars to Jupiter,
Hercules, and Minerva, as memorials of
his victory.

Arar, ăris, and Arăris, is, m., the river

Arar, now the Saone, which separates
the territory of the Aedui from that of the
Sequani and unites with the Rhodanus
(Rhone), at Lugdunum (Lyons).
Archēlāus, i, m., the son of Perdiccas II.,
was king of Macedonia from B. C. 413
to 399.

Ariobarzānes, is, m., the name of three
kings of Cappadocia : 1. Surnamed Phi-
loromaeus, was elected king by the Cap-
padocians, under the direction of the
Romans, about B. C. 93. He was several
times expelled from his kingdom by
Mithridates, and as often restored by the
Romans. 2. Surnamed Philopater, suc-
ceeded his father B. C. 63. He was as-
sassinated (Epp. Cic. XIX. 5). 3. Sur-
named Eusebes and Philoromacus, suc-
ceeded his father not long before B. C.
51. While Cicero was in Cilicia, he
protected him from a conspiracy which
was formed against him, and established
him in his kingdom.
Ariovistus, i, m., a powerful German chief,
who engaged in war against Caesar in
Gaul, B. C. 58, and was totally defeated.
Aristides, is, m., called "the just," on ac-
count of his integrity, was a distin-
guished Athenian statesman and general,
and the contemporary and rival of
Themistocles.

Artuasdes, is, m., a king of Armenia Major.
Arverni, ōrum, m., a powerful people in the
southern part of Celtic Gaul, occupying
the district now called Auvergne.

command of the ships sent to attack the
Veneti, and on many subsequent occa-
sions showing him more substantial
marks of favor and esteein, and finally
naming him in his will as one of his
heirs. Notwithstanding this, he basely
betrayed his friend and benefactor, and
on the Ides of March took a prominent
part in his assassination. Caes. III. 11;
Sall. Cat. XL.

C

Cabūrus, i, m. (C. Valerius), a chief of the

Helvii.

Caeraesi, ōrum, m., a Germanic people in
Belgic Gaul.

Caesar, aris, m. (S. Julius), uncle of M.
Antony, the triumvir, and brother-in-law
of P. Lentulus Sura, was consul B. C.
64, and one of Caesar's legates in Gaul
in B. C. 52. He was not a man of much
power of mind, but had some influence
in the state through his family counec-
tions and his position in society.

Caletes, um and Calēti, ōrum, m., a people
of Belgic Gaul, on the coast, north of the
Sequana (Seine).

Camillus, i, m. (C.), a Roman jurist, and a
particular friend of Cicero.

Caninius, i, m. (Gallus), a friend of Varro
and Cicero, tribune of the people in B. C.
56.

Cantabri, ōrum, m., the Cantabrians, an
exceedingly fierce and warlike people,
occupying the coast country in the north
of Spain.

Capito, unis, m. (P. Gabinius). V. Cic. in
Cat. III. 3, n. 1.

Cappadocia, ae, f., a country of Asia Minor,
between Pontus on the north, Armenia
on the east, Syria and Cilicia on the
south, and Lycaonia on the west.
Capua, ae, f., an important town in the in-
terior of Campania in Southern Italy.
Carcaso, onis, f., a town in the south of
Gaul, on the Atax (Aude), now Careas

sonne.

Carnutes, um, m., a powerful tribe between
the Sequana (Seine) and the Liger
(Loire), extending even south of the
Liger as far as the territory of the Bi-
turiges Cubi.

Carthago (also written Karth.), Inis, f., the

city of Carthage, in Northern Africa,
whose ruins are in the vicinity of Tunis.
Cassius, i, m., Cassius, the name of a Ro-
man gens. L. Cassius Longinus, a man
of high reputation, praetor B. C. 111, con-
sul with C. Marius B. C. 107, was, in the
course of the same year, defeated and
killed by the Tigurini, a portion of the
Helvetii.

Casticus, i, m., a chieftain of the Sequani,

whom Orgetorix persuaded to seize upon
the sovereignty of his state.
Catamantaledes, is, n., a chief of the Se-
quani.

Catilina, ae, m. (L. Sergius), a Roman
who was notorious for several times
attempting insurrections against his
country.

Cato, onis, m., a surname of several cele-
brated Romans, the most distinguished of
whom were M. Porcius Cato Censorius,
frequently called Cato Major, and M.
Porcius Cato, great grandson of the for-
mer, commonly called Uticensis from the
circumstance of his having put an end to
his life at Utica after his defeat at the
battle of Thapsus. Cato Major was born
B. C. 234 was chosen quaestor B. C. 205,
was aedile B. C. 199, the following year
was praetor was elected consul in B. C.
195, was appointed military tribune in
B. C. 191, was chosen censor in B. C.
184, and died B. C 149 at the age of 85.
He was a brave soldier, an able and suc-
cessful commander, an eloquent orator,
and a most rigidly virtuous citizen.
Cato Uticensis was born B. C. 95, was
elected tribunus militum in B. C. 67, was
a successful candidate for the tribuneship
in B. C. (3, the famous year of Cice-
ro's consulship and of the suppression of
Catilne's conspiracy and supported the
consul in proposing that the conspirators
should suffer death. He was the first
who gave to Cicero the name of pater
patriae. It was his speech of the 5th of
December which determined the senate,
previously wavering from the force of
Caesar's oratory. V. Sall. Cat. LII. In
B. C. 54 he was made praetor, which
was the highest office he reached. Cato
differed widely in disposition and natural
gifts from his great ancestor, the Censor,
yet he looked up to him as a model,

adopted his principles and imitated his
conduct. Living in an age of greater
corruption and venality, he was the
same incorruptible patriot, followed the
same simple mode of life, and practised
the same stern virtues. He was better
fitted for a scholar than a soldier; and
his natural tastes and capacities marked
him rather for a philosopher than a com-
mander. He died, B. C. 46, at the age
of 49.

Caturiges, um, m., a Gallic people in what
is now Dauphiné.

Celer, ĕris, m. (Q. Caecilius Metellus), a
praetor in B. C. 63. V. Cic. in Cat. I.
8, n. 6, & Sall. Cat. XXX.
Celtae, arum, mn., a great parent stock of
people in the north of Europe, the Celts;
in Caesar's time they were the most
powerful of the three great nations who
occupied Gaul, and were called by the
Romans Galli, or Gauls.

Centrōnes, um, m., a Gallic people among
the Alps, in what is now Savoy.
Cethegus, i, m. (C. Cornelius). V. Cic.
in Cat. III., 3, n. 4.

Cilicia, ae, f., a province in the southern
part of Asia Minor, between Pamphylia
and Syria. V. Epp. Cic. XIX. n. 2.
Cimberius, i, m., a chief of the Suevi.
Cimbri, ōrum, m., probably a Celtic tribe
in the peninsula, called after them the
Chersonesus Cimbrica (Jutland). To-
wards the end of the second century B. C.,
a vast host of them joined the Teutones
and migrated southward. They traversed
Gaul and Spain, until in B. C. 101 they
were completely defeated by C. Marius
in the Campi Raudii, near Verona.
Cinna, ae, m. (L Cornelius), an associate
of Marius in the civil wars, and distin-
guished for his acts of cruelty. V. Sall.
Cat. 47, n. 8, and Cic. in Cat. III. 10,

n. 8.

Clodius, i, m. (P.—Pulcher), a Roman of
noble birth, but infamous for the corrup-
tion of his morals. He committed sacri-
lege by entering the house of Caesar in
female attire while the Vestal virgins
were conducting the rites of the Bona
Dea. For this crime he was tried, and,
though clearly guilty, secured an acquit-
tal by bribery and intimidation. Cicero
was one of the principal witnesses against

him; and after the trial, having been ir-
ritated by some sarcastic allusions made
by Clodius to his consulship and by a
verdict given in contradiction to his testi-
mony, he attacked Clodius and his par-
tisans in the senate with great vehe-
mence. From this time Clodius cherished
a bitter hatred against him, and procured
his banishment from Italy, on the ground
that he had violated the law in the pun-
ishment inflicted upon the accomplices
of Catiline. Clodius was eventually as-
sassinated in Jan., B C. 52, near Bovil-
lae, by the retinue of Milo, in an acci-
dental encounter which took place be-
tween him and the latter individual, as
Milo was journeying towards Lanuvium
and Clodius was on his way to Rome.
Clytemnestra, ae, f., the daughter of Tyn-
darus and Leda, sister of Helen, wife of
Agamemnon, and mother of Orestes,
Iphigenia, and Electra.

Cocasates, um, m., a people in the western
part of Aquitania, on the Atlantic coast.
Coeparius, i, m. (M.). V. Cic. in Cat. III.
6, n. 11.

Commius, i, m., a chief of the Atrebates,
made their king by Caesar,and afterwards
sent into Britain by him to favor the Ro-

man cause.

Commoris, is, f., a village in Cilicia, on
Mount Amanus.

Condrūsi, ōrum, m., a Germanic people in
Belgic Gaul, on the right bank of the
Mosa (Meuse).

Considius, i, m., P. Considius, an officer of
great military experience, who served
under Caesar in Gaul during the cam-
paign of B. C. 58.
Coriõlānus, i, m., a surname of C. Marcius,
given him in memory of the prowess
which he displayed in the taking of Co-
rišli, a city of the Volscians. Having
been afterwards impeached and con-
demned to exile, he took refuge among
the Volscians and assisted them in carry-
ing on the war against his native country.
Cornelius, i, m. (C.), a Roman knight con-
federate with Catiline, who undertook, in
conjunction with L. Vargunteius, to mur,
der Cicero in B. C. 63.

Cornificius, i, m. (Q.), a distinguished Ro-
man, to whose care Cethegus was com-
mitted upon the arrest of the conspirators.