κράτους τοῦ τῆς κιθαρῳδίας διδασκάλου ἐν τῷ ἱπποδρόμῳ ποιήσαντος ἡνιόχησε. ib. 6 § 2 on the purple awnings of the theatre Nero was embroidered äpμa Xaúvwv, amid stars of gold. § 3 after a sumptuous feast to Tiribates Nero καὶ ἐκιθαρῴδησε δημοσίᾳ καὶ ἡρματηλάτησε τήν τε στολὴν τὴν πράσινον ἐνδεδυμένος καὶ τὸ κράνος τὸ ἡνιοχικὸν περικείμενος. ib. LXI 17 §§ 3-5 A.D. 59 men and women of equestrian and senatorian rank descended into the stage and circus and amphitheatre, some playing the flute or the guitar, dancing, acting tragedies and comedies, driving horses and slaying wild beasts and fighting as gladiators, some freely, others sore against their will: and men saw the great families, Furii, Fabii, Porcii, Valerii, and the others whose trophies and temples were to be seen, standing below and doing ὧν ἔνια οὐδ ̓ ὑπ ̓ ἄλλων γιγνόμενα ἐθεώρουν. and men pointed them out to one another with the finger, the Macedonians saying, 'this is Paulus' descendant,' the Greeks 'OUTOS TOU Mouμlov,' the Siceliots 'see Claudius!' the men of Epirus 'see Appius!' the Asiatics Lucius, the Iberians Publius, the Carthaginians Africanus. So already Caligula A.D. 37 id. LIX 5 § 2 was ruled by charioteers. ib. § 5 himself drove in the circus. ib. 14 §§ 2, 5-7. cf. Iuv. xi 198 n. VII 114 n. 243 n. and Vitellius DCass. Lxv 5 § 1 before he was emperor rubbed down the horses of the blue faction. cf. Suet. Vit. 4.

PRIOR he does not turn away his head in shame, but tries to catch his friend's eye by jerking his whip. 154 INFUNDET it is a mark of the ἄγροικος Theophr. char. 4 τοῖν ὑποζυγίοις ἐμβαλεῖν τὸν χόρτον. HORDEA this plural is cited by Quintil. as a barbarism 1 5 § 16 hordea et mulsa... non alio vitiosa sunt, quam quod pluralia singulariter.... efferuntur. It is used however by many poets, e.g. by Verg. g. 1 210, who was ridiculed by Bavius and Maevius in the verse ap. Serv. ad loc. hordea qui dixit, superest ut tritica dicat. Aug. doctr. Chr. III § 19 hordeo vesci more iumentorum. Marquardt v 2 23-4. Rations of barley were served out to soldiers as a punishment ib. III 2 89 n. 417. Suet. Aug. 24. Plin. XVIII § 74 panem ex hordeo antiquis usitatum vita damnavit, quadripedumque fere cibus est. Apul. met. 1 24 plane quod est mihi summe praecipuum, equo, qui me strenue pervexit, faenum atque hordeum acceptis istis nummulis tu, Fotis, emito. III 26 after his transformation Lucius calls on Iuppiter hospitalis et Fidei secreta numina, to attest the ingratitude of his steed abigor quam procul ab hordeo, quod apposueram vesperi meis manibus illi gratissimo famulo. ib. IV 22 nobis unus illa recens hordeum affatim et sine ulla mensura largita est... ego vero numquam alias hordeo cibatus. VII 14 sospitatorem nuncupatum matrona prolixe curitabat, ipsoque nuptiarum die praesepium meum hordeo passim repleri iubet. ib. 15. 155 LANATAS used substantively, ROBUM SO Orelli,

16. 28.

as laniger, bidens, etc. Madvig, Jahn. Schol. robum, i.e. robustum, rufum: unde Hercules robus dictus est. Paul. Diac. p. 134 Lind. robum rubro colore et quasi rufo significari, ut bovem quoque rustici appellant, manifestum est. ... hinc et homines valentes et boni coloris robusti. cf. Cramer ad schol. h. 1. The word is archaic (more Numae). Red oxen (Colum. vi 1 § 3 colore rubeo. cf. ib. § 2) were most highly valued.

156 NUMAE III 12. 138 n. Liv. 1 42 Numa divini auctor iuris. Numa's sacrifices unbloody Schwegler 1 681 3. cf. 541. Luc. Ix 477 sacrifico Numae. Marquardt Iv 34. 44.

CAEDIT as consul. The consuls offered an ox to Iuppiter Capitolinus on

entering upon their office (Ov. Pont. Iv 4 29 seq. ib. 9 30. Cic. de leg. agr. 1 § 93. cf. Serv. ad Aen. Ix 627), and also to Iuppiter Latiaris on the Alban mount.

Agesilaus Ital. 111

157 EPONAM Schol. Epona dea mulionum est. in Plut. parall. min. 29 p. 312 Φούλβιος Στέλλα μισῶν γυναῖκας ἵππῳ συνε μίσγετο· ἡ δὲ κατὰ χρόνον ἔτεκε κόρην σύμμορφον καὶ ὠνόμασεν Εποναν. ἔστι δὲ θεὸς πρόνοιαν ποιουμένη ἵππων. Tert. apol. 16 vos tamen non negabitis et iumenta omnia et totos cantherios cum sua Epona coli a vobis. Minuc. Octav. 28. Prudent. apoth. 197-9 nemo Cloacinae aut Eponae super astra deabus | dat solium, quamvis olidam persolvat acerram | sacrilegisque molam manibus rimetur et exta. Apul. met. 111 27 respicio pilae mediae, quae stabuli trabes sustinebat, in ipso fere meditullio Eponae deae simulacrum residens aediculae, quod accurate corollis roseis et quidem recentibus fuerat ornatum. inscr. in honour of Epona Orelli 402. 1792-4. Henzen 5804. cf. Florencourt in the Jahrb. des Vereins von Alterthumsfreunden im Rheinlande III 47 seq. Walz ib. VIII 129 seq. Schwegler 1 696 1. Epona has the p as iπros, to which equus is related as sequor to erroμai. cf. Curtius Grundzüge 11' 50. 52. 56. FACIES rude representations of Epona and other gods painted on the stalls. 158 PERVIGILES XV 43 n. POPINAS these appear to have had warm baths attached to them 168. Other exx. of nobles frequenting taverns Cic. in L. Pis. § 13 meministine, caenum, cum ad te quinta fere hora cum C. Pisone venissem, nescio quo e gurgustio te prodire, involuto capite, soleatum? et cum isto ore foetido taeterrimam nobis popinam inhalasses, excusatione te uti valetudinis, quod diceres vinolentis te quibusdam medicaminibus solere curari? quam nos causam cum accepissemus. . . paulisper stetimus in illo ganearum tuarum nidore atque fumo: unde tu nos.... turpissime ructando eiecisti. The grammarian Lenaeus called Sallust Suet. gr. 15 lurchonem et nebulonem popinonemque. id. Vit. 13. Mart. v 70. Apul. met. VIII 1 iuvenis natalibus praenobilis... sed luxuriae popinalis scortisque et diurnis potationibus exercitatus atque ob id factionibus latronum male sociatus. Marquardt v 2 79-82. Becker Gallus 1113 18-28. Friedländer 112 21-8.

159 ASSIDUO Markl. coni. Assyrio cl. Hor. c. 11 11 16.

SYROPHOENIX cf. III 62 n. Under the Romans Phoenike, which was included in the province Syria, received the name Zupopowiкn (St. Mark 7 26) to distinguish it from Syria proper or Zupla koiλn (cf. Evpoundía). It comprised three districts with Tyre, Damascus and Palmyra for their respective capitals Marquardt II 1 196-7. Lucian deor. conc. 4 with a sneer Zupopolvikós Tivos éμπóрov Kádμov. Cf. Wetst. on Mar. 7 26. and for the similar form Aißupolvikes Pape-Benseler.

AMOMO IV

108 n. Mart. v 64 3 pinguescat nimio madidus mihi crinis amomo. Plin. XIII §§ 6. 18. Movers II 3 257. 160 IDUMAEAE PORTAE

some suppose that a pass in Phoenicia (cf. VF. 111 497 Albana porta) is meant; others, the triumphal arch of Titus.

161 HOSPITIS ADFECTU=. Apul. apol. 87 tabernariis blanditiis. That the caupones invited passers-by to enter appears from Cic. p. Cluent. § 163 si invitaverit [caupo], id quod solet, sic hominem accipiemus, ut moleste ferat se de via decessisse. Casaub. on Suet. Ner. 27. Plut. de vitioso pudore 8 p. 532 we do not choose physicians, tutors for our children, advocates, for their merit, but for their importunity or from private friendship. To wean ourselves from this false shame, let us exercise ourselves in slight matters of every day life, never to em

ploy karà dvowriav a barber or fuller, nor to put up at a poor inn, when there is a better at hand, ὅτι πολλάκις ὁ πανδοκεὺς ἠσπάσατο ἡμᾶς. The Syrophoenicians were famous for their insinuating address Eunap. vit. Liban. p. 496 16 Didot ὃ πάντες οἱ Συροφοίνικες ἔχουσι κατὰ τὴν κοινὴν ἔντευξιν ἡδὺ καὶ κεχαρισμένον.

DOMINUM REGEMQUE V 137 n. 161 n. Mart. x 10 5 cited on 1 185. iv 83 5 sollicitus donas, dominum regemque salutas. id. I 112. II 68. XII 60b 8. Sen. ep. 3 § 1 obvios, si nomen non succurrit, dominos salutamus. Suet. Aug. 53 Torrent. Friedländer diss. de appellatione domini a Romanis usurpata, Regim. 1859, 4to (cf. Sittengeschichte 13 356-362 'on the use of the form of address domine in ordinary life') cites Petron. 86 a pupil to his paedagogus rogo, domine, ubi est asturco? Mart. v 57. vI 88 by chance I saluted you this morning by your true name, forgetting to call you my lord,' Caecilianus. The freedom cost me 100 quadrantes (the usual sportula). Epikt. 11 7 §§ 9. 15 to augurs. 15 § 15 and 1 10 § 15 to physicians. 23 § 11 to an auditor at a recitation. Iv 1 § 57 ἂν ἀκούσῃς λέγοντος ἔσωθεν καὶ ἐκ πάθους ‘κύριε, κἂν δώδεκα ῥάβδοι προάγωσι, λέγε δοῦλον. Fronto ep. ad amic. 1 7 p. 179 Naber. ib. 25 p. 188, where correspondents are addressed as domine and domine frater respectively. Apul. m. I 14 the hero is addressed by his host, ib. III 11 by the magistrate of Hypata, who is apologising for a practical joke played upon him, as Luci domine. ib. VI 22 Iuppiter to Cupid domine fili. So Symm. ep. vi 41. 68 of and to his daughter domina filia. So in inscriptions on boys domino filio meo Fabretti inscr. p. 582 167 n. Cf. Lucian somn. 9. Nigrin. 23 the fatterers are to blame for their patrons' insolence: ὅταν γὰρ αὐτῶν τὴν περιουσίαν θαυμάσωσι καὶ τὸν χρυσὸν ἐπαινέσωσι καὶ τοὺς πυλῶνας ἕωθεν ἐμπλήσωσι καὶ προσελθόντες ὥσπερ δεσπότας προσείπωσι, τί καὶ φρονήσειν ἐκείνους εἰκός ἐστιν; Ios. ant. xv 4 § 7 καὶ βασιλέα καὶ δεσπότην. SALUTAT Fabri on Liv. xxII 29 § 11 vos, milites, quorum vos modo arma dexterae texerunt, patronos salutabitis. Tac. xII 41. Suet. Ner. 7. cf. 'hail Him Lord of lords.' 162 CYANE a copa Syrisca such as is addressed in Virgil's copa. Lucil. III 33 caupona hic tamen una Syra. SUCCINCTA IV 24. 163 DEFENSOR CULPAE DICET MIHI Phaedr. v 4 9 sed dicis. where Burm. cites III prol. 8 fortasse dices. Sen. n. q. 1 1 § 4 dices mihi. 6 § 3. FECIMUS ET NOS HAEC IUVENES Plaut. Bacch. III 3 5-6 minus mirandum est, illaec aetas si quid illorum facit, | quam si non faciat. feci ego istaec itidem in adulescentia. 164 DESISTI Sen. contr. 14 §§ 2, 3 p. 167 obicit luxuriam propriam et hoc dicit: adulescens frugaliter vixi quamdiu frugi patrem habui. ante me desiste, ante me coeperas... senex luxuriare' ais; respondeo tibi adulescens enim navigavi.' 'ego' inquit 'iam desii, tu nondum.' non miror si prior desisti; prior coeperas.' see the whole contr. 'quidam luxuriante filio luxuriari coepit; filius accusat patrem dementiae.' NEMPE Hand Turs. IV 155 vocabulum colloquii indicat claram esse et affirmandam rem ex alterius qui colloquitur sententia. Hor. ep. 1 16 75-6 'adimam bona.' nempe pecus, rem, lectos, argentum: tollas licet.' 'We did the same ourselves in our youth.' 'Be it so you have given it up now, you mean to say.' 166-167 III 186 n. Mart. iv 77 9-10 haec facient sane iuvenes; deformius, Afer, | omnino nihil est ardelione sene.

LAGONA V 29 n. XII 60.

168 THERMARUM vii 233 n. xi 4. Mart. xII 70 5 seq. frangendos ca

lices effundendumque Falernum | clamabat, biberet qui modo lotus eques. a sene sed postquam patruo venere trecenta, | sobrius a thermis nescit abire domum. Sen. ep. 122 § 6 frequens hoc adulescentium vitium est, qui vires excolunt, ut in ipso paene balnei limine inter nudos bibant, immo potent, et sudorem, quem moverunt potionibus crebris ac ferventibus, subinde distringant. Quintil. 1 6 § 44 velli et comam in gradus frangere et in balneis perpotare, quamlibet haec invaserint civitatem, non erit consuetudo, quia nihil horum caret reprehensione. advertisements of baths in country inns Marini atti II 532. Friedländer 112 25.

LINTEA Schol. hoc est pictis velis popinae succedit, aut linteis capsariciis tergitur. If the latter explanation (cf. Sen. supr.) were the true one, lintea must be figured towels (III 263 n.) used in the bath. Rather understand curtains (v1 228. Ix 105. Casaub. on Suet. Ner. 27). Orelli 'pictum velum seu siparium ante ostium tabernae, thermopolii, cauponae, popinae suspensum. in quo erant tituli rerum venalium, invitationes praetereuntium, veluti haec Lugduni reperta inser. Lat. 4329 Mercurius hic lucrum promittit, Apollo salutem: Septumanus hospitium cum prandio. qui venerit, melius utetur. post, hospes ubi maneas, prospice. ea igitur in taberna alea offerebatur, iatralipta, hospitium, prandium.'

169 ARMENIAE SYRIAEQUE the Parthians since the death of Crassus were a constant terror to Rome Hor. c. I 12 53-4. 19 11-2. II 13 17-9. DCass. XL 14-15 describes vividly the suddenness and fury of their onsets. cf. apocal. 9 13 seq. Ioseph. ant. XIV 13 § 3 seq. b. I. 1 13. ARMENIAE 51. Stat. s. v 2 34. Suid. Máprios. Tac. an. 11 3. 56-9. The rivers are Euphrates and Tigris Plin. h. n. vi § 25. Ios. bell. 1 §§ 2-3 choice of Vespasian for the Jewish war after he had conquered the Germans and Britons. Verg. g. 1 509.

servare

170 RHENO ATQUE HISTRO 51 n. esp. Stat. there cited. IV 147. Stat. s. Iv 4 61-4 forsitan Ausonias ibis frenare cohortes, | aut Rheni populos aut nigrae litora Thules | aut Histrum latus metuendaque portae | limina Caspiacae. v 1 127-9 tecum gelidas comes illa per Arctos, | Sarmaticasque hiemes Histrumque et pallida Rheni | frigora. Ios. bell. II 16 § 4 Agrippa in a long speech sets forth the power of Rome, from the Euphrates to the Hister, to Gades and to Britain; Gauls, Germans (in spite of their giant stature, their daring and their guardian Rhine), Spaniards, Illyrians, all have yielded; the Parthians send hostages; and shall the Jews alone, of all nations under the sun, resist? In the time of Tiberius Tac. an. IV 5 eight legions were on the Rhine, to curb the Gauls and Germans; two in Africa, two in Egypt; four from Syria to the Euphrates; four on the Danube, two in Pannonia, and two in Moesia, with two others in reserve in Dalmatia. Marquardt röm. Staatsverwaltung Leipz. 1876 1 432--4, 437. Höck I 1 378-383. J. Schneider Beiträge zur Geschichte des römischen Befestigungswesens auf der linken Rheinseite, Trier 1844. The Euphrates, Rhine and Danube were the natural boundaries of the empire; conquests beyond the E. and the D. were neither permanent nor a source of strength Höck III (1) 107. HISTRO IV 111.

PRAESTARE etc. Lateranus is in the prime of life; he has vigour enough to secure Nero from all fear of foreign enemies. Send, Caesar, send him to Ostia to command your fleet, but seek your general etc.

171 seq. MITTE... INVENIES I 155 n.

OSTIA the port

of Rome at the Tiber's mouth, from which the fleets sailed xr 75 n.; commonly Ostia, -ae, but Strab. used the pl. neut. and so Sall. Charis. I p. 98 16 K and Liv. Ix 19 § 4. xxii 37 § 1. xXVII 23 § 2.

tore.

172 POPINA placed near to legatum to enhance the shame. See Friedländer 113 38-9. 173 seq. Apul. met. vIII 1 iuvenis natalibus praenobilis, loco clarus,...sed luxurie popinali... et diurnis potationibus exercitatus atque ob id factionibus latronum male sociatus. So Nero (DCass. LXII 14 § 2) πávтα ws εἰπεῖν τὸν βίον ἐν καπηλικῇ διαίτῃ ποιούμενος. Marquardt v (2) 79–80. PERCUSSORE Schol. sicario aut gladia174 NAUTIS Hor. s. 1 5 4. Plat. Phaedr. p. 243° ἐν ναύταις που τεθραμμένων καὶ οὐδένα ἐλεύθερον ἔρωτα ἑωρακότων. Theopomp. fr. 297 Müller (in Athen. vi p. 254b) vaνтŵν Kai Wπoduтŵr. Plut. Dion 48 ỏ vаUTIKòs Öxλos kaì ßávavoos. inst. Lac. 42 p. 239. id. Demosth. 7 κραιπαλῶντες ἄνθρωποι ναῦται καὶ ἀμαθεῖς ἀκούονται καὶ κατέχουσι τὸ βῆμα. Plat. legg. 707a. Eur. Hec. 607 (in DChr. or. 32 1 695 R). Tertull. adv. Valent. 12 quis nauclerus non etiam cum dedecore laetatur? videmus quotidie nauticorum lascivias gaudiorum. Themist. or. Iv p. 61 Hard. κάπηλοι καὶ ναῦται καὶ φορτικὸς ὄχλος. They were often slaves Böckh Staatsh. b. c. 21 (12 367). Celsus in Orig. 1 62. 11 46. Lact. v 2. Plut. de sanitate 16 p. 130 a student must exercise the voice continually, even in an inn, though all should deride him. For where it is no disgrace to eat, it is no disgrace to exercise oneself either: ἀλλ ̓ αἴσχιον τὸ δεδοικέναι καὶ δυσωπεῖσθαι ναύτας καὶ ὀρεωκόμους καὶ πανδοχεῖς καταγελώντας. Claudius also in the reign of Tiberius Suet. Claud. 5 ex contubernio sordidissimorum hominum super veterem segnitiae notam ebrietatis quoque et aleae infamiam subiit. So Nero DCass. Lx1 8 § 1 πολλὰ μὲν οἴκοι, πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ἐν τῇ πόλει, νύκτωρ καὶ μεθ ̓ ἡμέραν ἐπικρυπτόμενός πῃ ἠσέλγαινε, καὶ ἔς τε καπηλεῖα ἐσῄει καὶ πανταχόσε ὡς καὶ ἰδιώτης ἐπλανᾶτο. Vitellius Lxv 2 § 1 ἣν μὲν γὰρ καὶ ἀπ ̓ ἀρχῆς οἷος περί τε τὰ καπηλεῖα καὶ περὶ τὰ κυβευτήρια...σπουδακέναι. 175 CARNIFICES VI 480. SANDAPILARUM schol. capulorum, in quibus gladiatores mortui de amphitheatro eiciuntur. the rich were carried out to burial on a lectus or lectica funebris; the poor in a coffin sandapila. Hor. s. 189 vilis arca. Mart. x 5 10 orciniana sponda. It was carried out by slaves id. vIII 75 9-10. Suet. Dom. 17 cadaver eius populari sanda pila per vespillones [Mart. 1 30 48] exportatum. cf. Mart. II 81. Marquardt v (1) 361. 176 RESUPINATI

schol. ebrii, turpia patientis. cf. III 112 n.

TYMPANA

III 64 n. Aristoph. vesp. 119. Varro in Nonius s. v. mansuetem p. 483 when the galli saw a lion tympanis...fecerunt mansuetem. Catull. 63 8 seq. Ellis niveis citata cepit manibus leve typanum | typanum, tubam, Cybelle, tua, mater, initia; | quatiensque terga tauri niveis cava digitis. ib. 20 21 Phrygiam ad domum Cybelles, Phrygia ad nemora deae, | ubi cymbalum sonat vox, ubi tympana reboant. Lucret. 11 619 seq. Verg. Aen. 1x 619. Suet. Aug. 68 de gallo Matris deum tympanizante. Phaedr. Iv 1 7. Dempster on Rosin. 11 4. Lips. on Sen. vit. beat. 13 § 4. Spanheim on Callim. h. Dian. 247. Claud. Eutrop. I 278. GALLI II 110 seq. VI 513 seq. Phaedr. Iv 1. Movers die Phönizier 1 670. Apul. met. VIII 24-31. Ix 1-10. Lamprid. Heliog. 7. Hier. in Osee lib. 1 c. 4 ver. 14 (vi 41b ed. Ven. 1768). 177 LIBERTAS V 161 n. Suet. Vitell. 7 fin. tota via caligatorum quoque militum obvios exosculans, perque stabula ac deversoria