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39. What remarkable use is mentioned as having been made by Julius Cæsar of his holding the office of Pontifex Maximus ?

40. "Without abrogating the functions either of the senate or the people, which continued to exist, and were occasionally referred to for at least two centuries, the Emperor become in fact the sole fountain of legislation." All the old formalities in making laws were strictly observed, and yet substantially the Emperor's power was absolute; this was effected by the assumption of one great prerogative. What was that prerogative?

41. Arnold states important consequences affecting society, as flowing from the feudal principles with respect to the original occupation and proprietorship of land, and those of what he calls the ancient free commonwealths. State what he says on this subject.

42. Where the principle of usucapio applied in the case of land, what length of possession, at the period of the Twelve Tables, gave the domi

nium ?

43. Arnold, after stating the length of time at the period of the Twelve Tables which converted possession into Quiritary ownership of land, states reasons for the policy which fixed the particular length of time. State these reasons.

44. What is meant by res mancipi?

45. Particularize what were res mancipi, and res non mancipi?

46. The Tribunate was suspended when the Decemvirate was appointed. Arnold states that it was not intended to be permanently suppressed, and states two facts in proof of this. What are they?

47. Arnold says that at the time of the Decemvirate, the distinction of Burghers and Commons, of Patricians and Plebeians, had long passed away? There was one class whose condition had continued unchanged. What class was that?

48. The freedman of a later period is said, by Arnold, to represent the c liens of the Twelve Tables. What evidence does he give in support of this view?

49. A freedman dying without direct heirs, how was his property disposed of?

50. Arnold states that a father's power over his children was qualified in some slight degree by the Twelve Tables; state what he says on this subject.

51. Arnold states a distinction in the rights of the nearest relatives between the case where children succeeded to a man's property as entitled under his will, and that where he died intestate.

52. Give Arnold's account of mancipatio.

53. What does Arnold state to have been the principle of the law of descent in the early Roman system?

54. Illustrate this by the detailed statement which Arnold gives of the descent of property in the case of intestacy.

55. Give Arnold's definition of Legis actio.

56. In what case, under the law of the Twelve Tables, did an inheritance devolve on the Agnates?

57. "Hominem Stichum, quem Titio legavi, Seio do lego”—what is the effect of this bequest?

58. Dean Milman, after observing that in consequence chiefly of the change of feeling produced by Christianity, "vices which had been tolerated became crimes against social order," states that an offence absolutely new was introduced into the criminal legislation of the Empire. What was the crime?

59. In addition to its indirect influence on the legislation of the Empire, Christianity had its peculiar and special jurisprudence; state what Dean Milman says on this subject.

60. In its special jurisprudence, what were the proper sanctions? Milman states that the Civil and Canon Law did not respect their proper boundaries; he refers this to two causes; what were they?

61. In Christendom, at the period of Justinian's legislation, there were, Dean Milman says, three systems of jurisprudence; what were they? 62. Give Vattel's definition of "sovereignty."

63. Give his definition of a sovereign state.

64. Give Grotius's definition of civitas.

65. Boullenois states certain general principles on what Story calls private international law; mention them, as given by Story.

66. Huberus has laid down three axioms which he regards as sufficient to solve all the intricacies of the subject; state them.

67. Give Arnold's account of the Injure cessio.

EXAMINATION FOR PRIZES IN BOTANY.

DR. HARVEY.

1. Describe the structure and mode of increase in the Hydrodictyon (Alga chlorospermea).

2. What is the structure of the Apothecium of a Lichen?

3. What is peculiar in the cellular tissue of the leaves of Bog-mosses (Sphagnum)?

4. In what stage of growth do Ferns exhibit their antheridia and archegonia? and what results from the act of fertilization in this class of plants?

5. Contrast the spore of a Cryptogam with the seed of a Phanerogam ; describing the essential difference in structure, origin, development, and germination.

6. Who originated the received natural division of flowering plants into Monocotyledonous and Dicotyledonous? When and where did he live?

7. Give instances of buds being developed on roots; and state how such budding-roots may be known from underground stems?

8. Define and give examples of excurrent and diliquescent stems, and of definite and indefinite branches.

9. What are Phyllodia? How are they distinguished from true leaves? In what country and among what tribe of plants are they prevalent more especially? Give examples.

10. Describe the cuticle or epidermis of leaves, and the varieties it presents in succulent plants; noting the purposes thereby served.

II. Give examples of straight-veined leaves occurring among Exogenous plants, and of netted-veined leaves among Endogens.

12. What is the ordinary structure of the pith in an Exogen; and what is peculiar in the pith of the Walnut tree?

13. When a peduncle (as in the Vine) is opposed to a leaf, what do you infer?

14. What is meant respectively by the terms didynamous, tetradynamous, monadelphous, diadelphous, polyadelphous, syngenesious, and gynandrous; applied to stamens?

15. How is the theory of Chorisis applied to the explanation of polyadelphous stamens? Illustrate by examples.

16. What are the Raphe and Chalaza; in what kind of ovule is the raphe found; and what will be the position of the embryo in the seed which is formed of such an ovule?

17. In what genera of Ranunculaceae is the calyx persistent? and in what genus are the leaves opposite?

18. How are Papaveracea known from Ranunculacea?

19. How are Myrtacea distinguished from Rosaceæ ?

20. What are the principal characteristics of the geographical distribution and medical properties of Gentianeæ ?

21. By what character are the sub-orders (of Solanaceae) Atropeæ and Solanea distinguished? From which of them is Cayenne pepper derived?

22. Give the essential characters, affinities, and geographical distribution of Chenopodea; and mention the useful plants and properties of this Order.

23. How are the Amaryllidea known from Liliacea?

24. What is Ergot? How and of what is it formed, and on what plants found?

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Ως ἔφατ', οὐδ ̓ ἀπίθησε θεὰ γλαυκῶπις ̓Αθ ήνη.
Ἡ μὲν ἐποιχομένη χρυσάμπυκας ἔντυεν ἵππους
"Ηρη πρέσβα θεὰ, θυγάτηρ μεγάλοιο Κρόνοιο·
Ηβη δ ̓ ἀμφ' ὀχέεσσι θοῶς βάλε καμπύλα κύκλα,
Χάλκεα ὀκτάκνημα, σιδηρέῳ ἄξονι ἀμφίς.
Τῶν ἤτοι χρυσέη ἴτυς ἄφθιτος, αὐτὰρ ὕπερθεν
Χάλκε ̓ ἐπίσσωτρα προσαρηρότα, θαῦμα ἰδέσθαι·
Πλῆμναι δ' ἀργύρου εἰσὶ περίδρομοι ἀμφοτέρωθεν.
Δίφρος δὲ χρυσέοισι καὶ ἀργυρέοισιν ἱμᾶσιν
Ἐντέταται, δοιαὶ δὲ περίδρομοι ἄντυγές εἰσιν.
Τοῦ δ ̓ ἐξ ἀργύρεος ῥυμὸς πέλεν αὐτὰρ ἐπ' ἄκρῳ
Δῆσε χρύσειον καλὸν ζυγὸν, ἐν δὲ λέπαδνα
Κάλ ̓ ἔβαλε, χρύσει"· ὑπὸ δὲ ζυγὸν ἤγαγεν "Ηρη
“Ιππους ὠκύποδας, μεμαυῖ ̓ ἔριδος καὶ ἀὐτῆς.

ILIAD.

ΙΙ.

*Ερρ ̓ οὕτως· οὐ σός γε πατὴρ μεταδαίνυται ἡμῖν.
Δακρυόεις δέ τ ̓ ἄνεισι πάϊς ἐς μητέρα χήρην,
̓Αστυάναξ, ὃς πρὶν μὲν ἑοῦ ἐπὶ γούνασι πατρὸς
Μυελὸν οἶον ἔδεσκε καὶ οἰῶν πίονα δημόν·
Αὐτὰρ ὅθ ̓ ὕπνος ἕλοι, παύσαιτό τε νηπιαχεύων,
Εὕδεσκ ̓ ἐν λέκτροισιν, ἐν ἀγκαλίδεσσι τιθήνης,
Εὐνῇ ἔνι μαλακῇ, θαλέων ἐμπλησάμενος κῆρ.

Νῦν δ ̓ ἂν πολλὰ πάθῃσι, φίλου ἀπὸ πατρὸς ἁμαρτών,
̓Αστυάναξ, ὃν Τρῶες ἐπίκλησιν καλέουσιν·
Οἷος γάρ σφιν ἔρυσο πύλας καὶ τείχεα μακρά.
Νῦν δὲ σὲ μὲν παρὰ νηυσὶ κορωνίσι, νόσφι τοκήων,
Αἰόλαι εὐλαὶ ἔδονται, ἐπεί κε κύνες κορέσωνται,
Γυμνόν· ἀτάρ τοι εἵματ ̓ ἐνὶ μεγάροισι κέονται
Λεπτά τε καὶ χαρίεντα, τετυγμένα χερσὶ γυναικῶν.
̓Αλλ ̓ ἤτοι τάδε πάντα καταφλέξω πυρὶ κηλέῳ,
Οὐδὲν σοί γ ̓ ὄφελος, ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἐγκείσεαι αὐτοῖς
̓Αλλὰ πρὸς Τρώων καὶ Τρωϊάδων κλέος εἶναι.”

ILIAD.

III.

τίς ̔Ελλὰς, ἢ τίς βάρβαρος, ἢ τῶν πάροιθεν εὐγενετᾶν ἕτερος ἔτλα κακῶν τοσῶνδ ̓ αἵματας ἁμερίου

τοιάδ ̓ ἄχει φανερά;
τάλαιν', ὡς ἐλελίζω·
τίς ἄρ ̓ ὄρνις, ἢ δρυός η
ἐλάτας ἀκροκόμοις
ἀμφὶ κλάδοις ἑζομένα,
μονομάτορος ὀδυρμοῖς ἐμοῖς
ἀχήσει ξυνῳδός;
αἴλινον αἰάγμασιν ἃ
τοῖσδε προκλάω,

μονάδ ̓ αἰῶνα διάξουσα, τὸν ἀεὶ
χρόνον ἐν λειβομένοις δακρύοις.
τίν ̓ ἰαχήσω ;

τίν ̓ ἐπὶ πρῶτον ἀπὸ χαίτας
σπαραγμοῖς ἀπαρχὰς βαλῶ;
ματρὸς ἐμᾶς διδύμοις

γάλακτος παρὰ μαστοῖς,

ἢ πρὸς ἀδελφῶν

οὐλόμεν ̓ αἰκίσματα δισσῶν.

IV.

PHOENISSÆ.

ἐπεὶ τέκνων σῶν ἦλθε δίπτυχος γονὴ ξὺν πατρὶ, καὶ παρῆλθε νυμφικοὺς δόμους, ἥσθημεν. οἵπερ σοῖς ἐκάμνομεν κακοῖς, δμῶες, δι ̓ ὤτων δ ̓ εὐθὺς ἦν πολὺς λόγος, σὲ καὶ πόσιν σὸν νεῖκος ἐσπεῖσθαι τὸ πρίν. κυνεῖ δ' ὁ μέν τις χεῖρ ̓, ὁ δὲ ξανθὸν κάρα παίδων· ἐγὼ δὲ καὐτὸς, ἡδονῆς ὕπο, στέγας γυναικῶν ξὺν τέκνοις ἅμ ̓ ἑσπόμην. δέσποινα δ', ἣν νῦν ἀντὶ σοῦ θαυμάζομεν, πρὶν μὲν τέκνων σῶν εἰσιδεῖν ξυνωρίδα, πρόθυμον εἶχ ̓ ὀφθαλμὸν εἰς Ιάσονα ἔπειτα μέντοι προὐκαλύψατ ̓ ὄμματα, λευκήν τ' ἀπέστρεψ ̓ ἔμπαλιν παρηΐδα, παίδων μυσαχθεῖσ ̓ εἰσόδους· πόσις δὲ σὺς ὀργάς τ' ἀφέρει καὶ χόλον νεάνιδος, λέγων τάδ'· οὐ μὴ δυσμενὴς ἔσει φίλοις παύσει δὲ θυμοῦ, καὶ πάλιν στρέψεις κάρα, φίλους νομίζουσ', οΰσπερ ἂν πόσις σέθεν·

γ.

εἴ τις γυναῖκας τῶν πρὶν εἴρηκεν κακῶς, ἢ νῦν λέγει τις, ἢ πάλιν μέλλει λέγειν, ἅπαντα ταῦτα συντεμὼν ἐγὼ φράσω· γένος γὰρ οὔτε πόντος οὔτε γῆ τρέφει τοιόνδ'· ὁ δ ̓ ἀεὶ ξυντυχὼν ἐπίσταται.

MEDEA.

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