2 What is the difference in structure between a Raspberry and a Strawberry?

3. What structural and functional changes accompany the passage of Sapwood into Heartwood in the trunk of a tree?

4. Name the chief medicines derived from an extensive Natural Order, referable to the artificial Class and Order Pentandria digynia, and having an inferior two-celled ovary, with solitary pendulous ovules; five epigynous petals; and a dry fruit, separating at maturity into two oneseeded indehiscent cocci. Name the Order, as well as the Drugs.

5. In what Exogenous Natural Orders are the stamens inserted opposite the petals or lobes of the Corolla?

6. Refer the plants before you to their Natural Orders; and write a botanical description of any one of them, according to the following formula:

Pistil; as to ovary, style, stigma, and placentation.
Fruit, General character, dehiscence, placentation.

Arrangement of embryo in seed.

Reasons for referring a specimen to a particular Order; general characteristics of the Order, and its geographical distribution.

UNDERGRADUATE HONOR EXAMINATION PAPERS.

Trinity Term.

SENIOR SOPHISTERS.

Experimental and Natural Science.

DR. APJOHN.

1. Give the formula for sulphuretted hydrogen, the manner of preparing it, and its action upon a solution of sulphate of copper.

2. Enumerate the metals whose solutions in the mineral acids, if a slight excess of the acid is present, are not precipitated by sulphuretted hydrogen.

3. What is the product formed when lime, sulphur, and water are boiled together; and what are the changes which it experiences—

Ist. When muriatic acid is added gradually to it?

2nd. When it is added by degrees to muriatic acid?

4. Detail the processes by which heavy spar may be converted into chlo

ride of sodium.

5. How would you make the analysis of a specimen of zinc alloyed with lead, iron, and cadmium?

6. Write the formula for ordinary alum; mention its crystalline system, and the process by which pure alumina may be extracted from it.

7. Explain the process by which chloride of mercury (corrosive sublimate) is made on the great scale, and the change which this salt experiences when it is boiled with a solution of chloride of tin.

8. How would you make the analysis of an alloy including gold, silver, platinum, and palladium?

9. When zinc is dissolved by dilute nitric acid, the gas evolved is chiefly nitrous oxide. What is the reaction in virtue of which it is formed?

10. Mention the chief ore of antimony, the action of muriatic acid on it, and the change experienced by a solution of the terchloride of antimony when it is poured into water.

11. Enumerate the hemihedral forms of the first crystalline system, and give the notation of a face of each.

12. If an octahedron in the fourth system has all its edges replaced by single planes, what will be the shape of the resulting compound form, and what the notation of its three systems of faces ?

GEOLOGY.

MR. HAUGHTON.

1. What are the various tests of age of strata, and what are their respective merits?

2. Fossils may be divided into various kinds, considered merely as mineral substances. What are these divisions, and which of them are most commonly met with?

3. What are the chief subdivisions of the Lower Palæozoic rocks in England?

4. What are the English divisions of the Jurassic rocks, and the corresponding beds in Germany?

5. Write a general sketch of the history of fossil plants in order of time.

6. What are the chief Brachiopoda characteristic of the Carboniferous Limestone?

7. What was the remarkable geological discovery made by Captain M'Clintock in Prince Patrick's Island, and whence arises its interest?

8. What are the principal coal-fields of England and Wales? Name them in some order, natural with respect to the physical geography of the country.

9. The recent and fossil Echinodermata may be divided into five groups. Name them, with their principal subdivisions.

10. Write a brief history of Mammal life on the globe.

Logics and Ethics.

DR. MALET.

State, in a connected form, the objections against applying the argument from Analogy to Religion, and the refutations of these objections.

NICOMACHEAN ETHICS, BOOK II.; AND BUTLER'S SERMONS.

MR. LONGFIELD.

1. What statements in the second book of the Nicomachean Ethics seem to be expressly aimed against the Platonic doctrine that, Virtue is knowledge (ἐπιστημη), or thought (φρόνησις) τ

2. Notice any conclusions in the second book which Aristotle rests upon physical analogies.

3. Οὔτ ̓ ἄρα φύσει οὔτε παρὰ φύσιν ἐγγίνονται αἱ ἀρεταί. What are the arguments by which this is established?

4. Πρὸς τὸ μέσον ἀντίκειται μᾶλλον ἐφ ̓ ὧν μὲν ἡ ἔλλειψις ἐφ ̓ ὧν δὲ Bolý. What are the instances which Aristotle gives of this fact, and what are the causes from which it arises?

5. How does Butler show that, without particular consideration of conscience, we may have a clear conception of the superior nature of one inward principle to another?

6. What are the exceptions which Butler mentions to the doctrine of the supremacy of conscience? Are they real or apparent?

7. How is it shown that benevolence and self-love are not incompatible in the courses of life to which they respectively lead?

8. What principle, as to our affections, does Butler illustrate by the words of St. Augustine: "Amor ipse ordinate amandus est, quo bene amatur quod amandum est, ut sit in nobis virtus quâ vivitur bene;" and what use does he make of this principle?

CICERO, TUSC. DISP., LIB. I.; BUTLER'S ANALOGY, PART I., CHAP. I.

MR. CARMICHAEL.

1. Cite accurately the opinions, with regard to the nature of the Soul, attributed to Aristoxenus and Dicæarchus respectively; write a brief note explanatory of these opinions; and name the thinkers by whom, in modern times, they have been severally revived.

2. Quote the language in which the Future State and the sources of its beatitude are described by Cicero. Compare with this the corresponding passage in Butler's Rolls Sermons; and point out how Revelation at once corrects, expands, exalts, and animates the description of the heathen moralist.

3. "Reminiscere, quoniam es initiatus, quæ traduntur mysteriis." State and comment upon the various conjectures which have been started with respect to the secret communicated in the Eleusinian Mysteries.

4. Write brief exegetical notes on the following terms and expressions as they occur in the text:-". "philosophia;" vreλéxela; "animum esse

nosce te."

5. State accurately the "law of continuance," as put by Butler, with its application; and quote in full the passage from Cicero which exhibits a semi-conscious anticipation of this law.

6.

(a) them."

"It is as easy to conceive that we may exist out of bodies as in (b) "We have no reason to think our organs of sense percipiCite from Cicero passages corresponding to both of these, and state briefly Butler's argument in respect to the latter.

ents."

7. Butler distinctly recognises two classes of proofs for the immortality of the soul, of which he follows up but one: write an explanatory note upon this point.

8. State accurately the amount of the argument for the immortality of the Soul antecedent to Revelation, the aids upon this subject which Revelation has supplied, and the details which it has superadded.

JUNIOR SOPHISTERS.

Mathematical Physics.

A.

MR. SALMON.

1. Find when the difference is greatest between the Sun's longitude and right ascension?

2. Show distinctly that three observations theoretically afford a sufficient number of data to determine the orbit described by a new planet.

3. If the altitude of a planet was taken at the same moment in two known places, how might its position be calculated?

4. If the time of running down an inclined plane be equal to the time of falling down the height, together with the time of running along the base with the acquired velocity; prove that the length, height, and base are proportional to the numbers 5, 3, 4.

5. Prove that the best direction of draught up an inclined plane makes an angle with the plane equal to the limiting angle of friction.

6. A body is attracted by forces tending to any number of fixed centres, each varying inversely as the square of the distance; find its velocity at any moment.

DR. SHAW,

7. Exhibit by diagrams the forms and relative positions of the following constellations:- Ursa Minor, Draco, Hercules, Cygnus, Corona Borealis.

8. If the Sun crossed the meridian every day at the same altitude, but varied his time of crossing as at present-(a) What sun-path should be substituted for the present ecliptic? and (b) what real motion in the Earth would account for such an apparent motion in the Sun ?

9. Under what circumstances are the longitude and latitude of a given star most increased, and under what, most diminished, by aberration?

10. Show that the duration of a transit is most lengthened when the transit begins near sunset, and ends near sunrise; and that the duration is most shortened in the contrary circumstances.

II. Find the magnitude of the sustaining force (P), which, applied in a given direction to a particle resting on a rough inclined plane, will just suffice to move the particle up the plane, and diminish, in a given ratio, m its pressure on the plane.

n