AGE

the useful from the egoistic-Economic will and moral will

Pure economicity-The economic side of morality-The merely

economical and the error of the morally indifferent-Criticism of

utilitarianism and the reform of Ethics and of Economics-Pheno-

menon and noumenon in practical activity

PAGE

55

32

VIII

EXCLUSION OF OTHER SPIRITUAL FORMS

The system of the spirit-The forms of genius-Non-existence of a fifth

form of activity-Law; sociability-Religion- Metaphysic -

Mental imagination and the intuitive intellect-Mystical Esthetic

-Mortality and immortality of art

IX

INDIVISIBILITY OF EXPRESSION INTO MODES OR DEGREES

AND CRITICISM OF RHETORIC

The characters of art-Non-existence of modes of expression-Im-

possibility of translations-Criticism of the rhetorical categories-

Empirical sense of the rhetorical categories-Their use as syno-

nyms of the æsthetic fact-Their use to indicate various æsthetic

imperfections-Their use in a sense transcending æsthetic, in

the service of science-Rhetoric in the schools-The resemblances

of expressions-The relative possibility of translations.

61

67

X

ESTHETIC FEELINGS AND THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN

THE BEAUTIFUL AND THE UGLY

Various significations of the word feeling-Feeling as activity-Identifi-

cation of feeling with economic activity-Criticism of hedonism—

Feeling as a concomitant of every form of activity-Meaning of cer-

tain ordinary distinctions of feelings-Value and disvalue: the con-

traries and their union-The beautiful as the value of expression,

or expression without qualification-The ugly, and the elements

of beauty which compose it-Illusion that there exist expressions

neither beautiful nor ugly-True æsthetic feelings and concomi

tant and accidental feelings-Criticism of apparent feelings

74

XI

CRITICISM OF ÆSTHETIC HEDONISM

Criticism of the beautiful as that which pleases the higher senses-Criti-

cism of the theory of play-Criticism of the theory of sexuality and

of triumph-Criticism of the Esthetic of the sympathetic: meaning

in it of content and form-Esthetic hedonism and moralism-

The rigoristic negation, and the pedagogic justification of art-

Criticism of pure beauty

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82

XII

THE ESTHETIC OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND PSEUDO-ÆSTHETIC

CONCEPTS

Pseudo-æsthetic concepts, and the Esthetic of the sympathetic-Criti-

cism of the theory of the ugly in art and of the overcoming of it

--Pseudo-æsthetic concepts belong to Psychology-Impossibility

of rigorous definitions of them--Examples: definitions of the

sublime, of the comic, of the humorous-Relation between these

concepts and æsthetic concepts

87

XIII

THE "PHYSICALLY BEAUTIFUL " IN NATURE

AND IN ART

Esthetic activity and physical concepts-Expression in the æsthetic

sense, and expression in the naturalistic sense-Representations

and memory-The production of aids to memory-Physical

beauty-Content and form: another meaning-Natural beauty

and artificial beauty-Mixed beauty-Writings-Free and non-free

beauty-Criticism of non-free beauty-Stimulants of production

94

XIV

ERRORS ARISING FROM THE CONFUSION BETWEEN

PHYSICS AND ESTHETIC

Criticism of æsthetic associationism-Criticism of aesthetic Physics-
Criticism of the theory of the beauty of the human body--Criticism
of the beauty of geometrical figures-Criticism of another aspect

of the imitation of nature-Criticism of the theory of the elementary

forms of the beautiful-Criticism of the search for the objective

conditions of the beautiful-The astrology of Æsthetic.

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104

The practical activity of externalization-The technique of external-

ization-Technical theories of the different arts-Criticism of

æsthetic theories of particular arts-Criticism of the classification of

the arts-Criticism of the theory of the union of the arts-Relation

of the activity of externalization to utility and morality.

III

XVI

TASTE AND THE REPRODUCTION OF ART

Esthetic judgement: its identity with aesthetic reproduction - Im-

possibility of divergences-Identity of taste and genius-Analogy

with other activities-Criticism of æsthetic absolutism (intellectual-

ism) and relativism-Criticism of relative relativism-Objection

founded on the variation of the stimulus and of psychic dis-

position-Criticism of the distinction of signs into natural and con-

ventional-The surmounting of variety—Restorations and historical

interpretation

118

XVII

THE HISTORY OF LITERATURE AND OF ART

Historical criticism in literature and art: its importance-Literary and

artistic history: its distinction from historical criticism and from

the aesthetic judgement-The method of artistic and literary history

-Criticism of the problem of the origin of art-The criterion of

progress and history-Non-existence of a single line of progress in

artistic and literary history-Errors committed against this law-

Other meanings of the word " progress" in relation to Esthetic .

128

XVIII

CONCLUSION: IDENTITY OF LINGUISTIC AND ÆSTHETIC

Summary of the study-Identity of Linguistic with Æsthetic-Esthetic
formulation of linguistic problems-Nature of language-Origin

of language and its development—Relation between Grammar and

Logic-Grammatical kinds or parts of speech-The individuality

of speech and the classification of languages-Impossibility of a

normative Grammar-Didactic organisms-Elementary linguistic

facts, or roots-Esthetic judgement and the model language

-Conclusion

PAGE

140

II

HISTORY OF ESTHETIC

I

ÆSTHETIC IDEAS IN GRÆCO-ROMAN ANTIQUITY

-

Point of view of this History of Esthetic-Mistaken tendencies, and

attempts towards an Esthetic, in Græco-Roman antiquity-Origin

of the æsthetic problem in Greece-Plato's rigoristic negation

- Esthetic hedonism and moralism Mystical æsthetic in

antiquity Investigations as to the Beautiful-Distinction be-

tween the theory of Art and the theory of the Beautiful-Fusion

of the two by Plotinus-The scientific tendency: Aristotle-The

concepts of imitation and of imagination after Aristotle: Philos-

tratus-Speculations on language

II

ESTHETIC IDEAS IN THE MIDDLE AGES AND RENAISSANCE

Middle Ages. Mysticism: Ideas on the Beautiful-The pedagogic theory

of art in the Middle Ages-Hints of an Esthetic in scholastic philo-

sophy-Renaissance: Philography and philosophical and empirical

inquiries concerning the Beautiful-The pedagogic theory of art

and the Poetics of Aristotle-The "Poetics of the Renaissance".

Dispute concerning the universal and the probable in art-G.

Fracastoro L. Castelvetro - Piccolomini and Pinciano - Fr.
Patrizzi (Patricius)

III

FERMENTS OF THOUGHT IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

New words and new observations in the seventeenth century-Wit-
Taste-Various meanings of the word taste-Fancy or imagination

155

175

-Feeling-Tendency to unite these terms-Difficulties and contra-

dictions in their definition-Wit and intellect-Taste and in-

tellectual judgement-The "je ne sais quoi”—Imagination and

sensationalism: the corrective of imagination-Feeling and sen-

sationalism.

PAGE

189

IV

ESTHETIC IDEAS OF THE CARTESIAN AND LEIBNITIAN SCHOOLS,
AND THE "ESTHETIC" OF BAUMGARTEN

Cartesianism and imagination-Crousaz and André-The English :

Locke, Shaftesbury, Hutcheson and the Scottish School-Leibniz :

"petites perceptions" and confused knowledge-Intellectualism of

Leibniz-Speculations on language-J. C. Wolff-Demand for

an organon of inferior knowledge-Alexander Baumgarten: his

"Esthetic "-Esthetic as science of sensory consciousness-Criti-

cism of judgements passed on Baumgarten — Intellectualism of

Baumgarten-New names and old meanings

204

V

GIAMBATTISTA VICO

Vico as inventor of æsthetic science-Poetry and philosophy: imagina-

tion and intellect-Poetry and history-Poetry and language—

Inductive and formalistic logic- Vico opposed to all former

theories of poetry-Vico's judgements of the grammarians and

linguists who preceded him-Influence of seventeenth-century

writers on Vico-Esthetic in the Scienza Nuova-Vico's mistakes

-Progress still to be achieved

220

VI

MINOR ÆSTHETIC DOCTRINES OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

The influence of Vico-Italian writers: A. Conti-Quadrio and Zanotti

-M. Cesarotti-Bettinelli and Pagano-German disciples of

Baumgarten: G. F. Meier-Confusions of Meier-M. Mendelssohn

and other followers of Baumgarten-Vogue of Esthetic-Eberhard

and Eschenburg—J. G. Sulzer—K. H. Heydenreich—J. G. Herder

-Philosophy of language

235