AGE

PAGE

the useful from the egoistic - Economic will and moral will —

Pure economicity—The economic side of morality—The merely

economical and the error of the morally indifferent-Criticism of

utilitarianism and the reform of Ethics and of Economics-Pheno.

menon and noumenon in practical activity.

55

22

VIII

EXCLUSION OF OTHER SPIRITUAL FORMS

The system of the spirit-The forms of genius—Non-existence of a fifth

form of activity - Law; sociability - Religion - Metaphysic —

Mental imagination and the intuitive intellect-Mystical Æsthetic

-Mortality and immortality of art

61

IX

INDIVISIBILITY OF EXPRESSION INTO MODES OR DEGREES

AND CRITICISM OF RHETORIC

The characters of art-Non-existence of modes of expression-Im-

possibility of translations-Criticism of the rhetorical categories--

Empirical sense of the rhetorical categories—Their use as syno-

nyms of the æsthetic fact-Their use to indicate various æsthetic

imperfections—Their use in a sense transcending æsthetic, in

the service of science—Rhetoric in the schools—The resemblances

of expressions—The relative possibility of translations

67

X

ÆSTHETIC FEELINGS AND THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN

THE BEAUTIFUL AND THE UGLY

Various significations of the word feeling-Feeling as activity-Identifi-

cation of feeling with economic activity-Criticism of hedonism-

Feeling as a concomitant of every form of activity–Meaning of cer-

tain ordinary distinctions of feelings—Value and disvalue : the con-

traries and their union-The beautiful as the value of expression,

or expression without qualification—The ugly, and the elements

of beauty which compose it-Illusion that there exist expressions

neither beautiful nor ugly—True æsthetic feelings and concomi-

tant and accidental feelings-Criticism of apparent feelings

74
XI

CRITICISM OF ÆSTHETIC HEDONISM

PAGE

Criticism of the beautiful as that which pleases the higher senses_Criti-

cism of the theory of play--Criticism of the theory of sexuality and

of triumph-Criticism of the Æsthetic of the sympathetic : meaning

in it of content and form-Æsthetic hedonism and moralism-

The rigoristic negation, and the pedagogic justification of art-

Criticism of pure beauty

82

XII

THE ÆSTHETIC OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND PSEUDO-ÆSTHETIC

CONCEPTS

Pseudo-ästhetic concepts, and the Æsthetic of the sympathetic-Criti-

cism of the theory of the ugly in art and of the overcoming of it

--Pseudo-ästhetic concepts belong to Psychology-Impossibility

of rigorous definitions of them--Examples: definitions of the

sublime, of the comic, of the humorous-Relation between these

concepts and ästhetic concepts

87

Æsthetic activity and physical concepts—Expression in the æsthetic

sense, and expression in the naturalistic sense—Representations

and memory—The production of aids to memory-Physical

beauty-Content and form : another meaning—Natural beauty

and artificial beauty-Mixed beauty--Writings-Free and non-free

beauty-Criticism of non-free beauty-Stimulants of production

94

XIV

ERRORS ARISING FROM THE CONFUSION BETWEEN

PHYSICS AND ÆSTHETIC

Criticism of aesthetic associationism-Criticism of æsthetic Physics-

Criticism of the theory of the beauty of the human body-Criticism
of the beauty of geometrical figures-Criticism of another aspect

PAGE

of the imitation of nature-Criticism of the theory of the elementary

forms of the beautiful-Criticism of the search for the objective

conditions of the beautiful—The astrology of Æsthetic .

104

The practical activity of externalization—The technique of external-

ization - Technical theories of the different arts - Criticism of
æsthetic theories of particular arts-Criticism of the classification of
the arts-Criticism of the theory of the union of the arts-Relation
of the activity of externalization to utility and morality.

III

Æsthetic judgement : its identity with æsthetic reproduction — Im-

possibility of divergences- Identity of taste and genius-Analogy

with other activities—Criticism of æsthetic absolutism (intellectual.

ism) and relativism-Criticism of relative relativism-Objection

founded on the variation of the stimulus and of psychic dis-

position-Criticism of the distinction of signs into natural and con-

ventional—The surmounting of variety-Restorations and historical

interpretation

118

XVII

THE HISTORY OF LITERATURE AND OF ART

Historical criticism in literature and art : its importance-Literary and

artistic history : its distinction from historical criticism and from

the æsthetic judgement–The method of artistic and literary history

-Criticism of the problem of the origin of art—The criterion of

progress and history-Non-existence of a single line of progress in

artistic and literary history-Errors committed against this law-

Other meanings of the word "progress” in relation to Æsthetic .

128

PAGE

of language and its development Relation between Grammar and

Logic-Grammatical kinds or parts of speech-The individuality

of speech and the classification of languages-Impossibility of a

normative Grammar--Didactic organisms- Elementary linguistic

facts, or roots--Asthetic judgement and the model language

-Conclusion

140

II

HISTORY OF ÆSTHETIC

I

ÆSTHETIC IDEAS IN GRÆCO-ROMAN ANTIQUITY

Point of view of this History of Æsthetic-Mistaken tendencies, and

attempts towards an Æsthetic, in Græco-Roman antiquity-Origin
of the æsthetic problem in Greece-Plato's rigoristic negation

- Æsthetic hedonism and moralism Mystical æsthetic in

antiquity - Investigations as to the Beautiful — Distinction be-

tween the theory of Art and the theory of the Beautiful-Fusion

of the two by Plotinus—The scientific tendency: Aristotle—The

concepts of imitation and of imagination after Aristotle : Philos-

tratus--Speculations on language

155

II

ÆSTHETIC IDEAS IN THE MIDDLE AGES AND RENAISSANCE

Middle Ages. Mysticism : Ideas on the Beautiful—The pedagogic theory

of art in the Middle Ages-Hints of an Æsthetic in scholastic philo-

sophy-Renaissance : Philography and philosophical and empirical

inquiries concerning the Beautiful—The pedagogic theory of art

and the Poetics of Aristotle-The “ Poetics of the Renaissance".

Dispute concerning the universal and the probable in art-G.

Fracastoro -- L. Castelvetro - Piccolomini and Pinciano -- Fr.

Patrizzi (Patricius)

175

III

FERMENTS OF THOUGHT IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

New words and new observations in the seventeenth century-Wit-

Taste-Various meanings of the word taste-Fancy or imagination

PAGE

-- Feeling-Tendency to unite these terms—Difficulties and contra-
dictions in their definition-Wit and intellect-Taste and in-
tellectual judgement—The "je ne sais quoi”—Imagination and

sensationalism : the corrective of imagination-Feeling and sen.

sationalism .

189

IV

ESTHETIC IDEAS OF THE CARTESIAN AND LEIBNITIAN SCHOOLS,

AND THE “ÆSTHETIC” OF BAUMGARTEN

Cartesianism and imagination-Crousaz and André-The English :

Locke, Shaftesbury, Hutcheson and the Scottish School-Leibniz :

"petites perceptions" and confused knowledge--Intellectualism of

Leibniz-Speculations on language-J. C. Wolff-Demand for

an organon of inferior knowledge-Alexander Baumgarten : his

“Æsthetic”— Esthetic as science of sensory consciousness-Criti-

cism of judgements passed on Baumgarten — Intellectualisin of

Baumgarten-New names and old meanings

204

V

GIAMBATTISTA VICO

Vico as inventor of æsthetic science—Poetry and philosophy : imagina-

tion and intellect—Poetry and history-Poetry and language

Inductive and formalistic logic — Vico opposed to all former

theories of poetry-Vico's judgements of the grammarians and

linguists who preceded him — Influence of seventeenth-century

writers on Vico— Æsthetic in the Scienza Nuova—Vico's mistakes

- Progress still to be achieved

220

VI

MINOR ÆSTHETIC DOCTRINES OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

The influence of Vico-Italian writers : A. Conti–Quadrio and Zanotti

- M. Cesarotti — Bettinelli and Pagano - German disciples of

Baumgarten : G. F. Meier-Confusions of Meier-M. Mendelssohn

and other followers of Baumgarten-Vogue of Æsthetic-Eberhard

and Eschenburg-J. G. Sulzer-K. H. Heydenreich-J. G. Herder

- Philosophy of language

235