of the County Citizens Planning Association, and won the Democratic nomination to the Maryland Legislature in 1966. (The biographic sketch of Mr. Potter follows:) BIOGRAPHY OF NEAL POTTER Neal Potter is Acting President of the United World Federalists. Economist, educator and author, he has been associated with UWF since its inception in 1947 at Asheville, North Carolina. In 1951-54 he was field director for the UWF in the Pacific Northwest; served as vice president of its Washington, D.C. Chapter from 1961-62, and as a member of its National Executive Committee in 1960-62 and 1966-67. An associate of resources for the Future, Inc., Mr. Potter is involved in research on natural resources. He is co-author of two books, Trends in Natural Resources Commodities, 1870–1957, and World Trends in Natural Resources, both published by the Johns Hopkins Press. Mr. Potter served as assistant to Wilson M. Compton, a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly in 1949. He has taught at Washington State College, Pullman, and at Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Active in civic affairs, he helped organize the Montgomery County (Md.) Citizens Committee for Fair Taxation; was a charter member of the Maryland Committee for Fair Representation; served for two years as president of the County Citizens Planning Association; and won a Democratic nomination to the Maryland Legislature in 1966. Senator MORSE. I am sorry you have had to wait so long to testify. We look forward to your testimony. STATEMENT OF NEAL POTTER, ACTING PRESIDENT, UNITED WORLD FEDERALISTS Mr. POTTER. Mr. Chairman, it has been a pleasure to be here these two hours because there has been a lot of education in it for me, as for the rest of us, I hope, in this room. We all respect Dr. Wright's tremendous background and his opinions on these very difficult matters before us. Let me add just one thing about the United World Federalists, to what you read, that we are a completely voluntary nonpartisan organization with nearly 100 chapters across the United States. Similar organizations do similar work in 32 other countries. Our work is dedicated to strengthening the United Nations so it can be effective in making and protecting a just and lasting peace. We want to say that we support both the Senate resolutions now before us, calling for new initiatives by this country to involve the United Nations in bringing an end to the conflct in Vietnam. INTERNATIONAL NATURE OF VIETNAM PROBLEM We believe that the failure to internationalize the Vietnam problem is a source of much of the difficulty which now confronts the country. Because the United States acted without United Nations decision or directive, the Vietnam war appears to many peoples of the world as an attempt by an imperialist western power to impose its will through the unilateral use of force against a small Asian nation. The whole effort to contain Communist expansion is thus confused and enormously handicapped by this position into which we have put ourselves. Bringing the Vietnam matter to the United Nations will help to reduce this handicap. However, the Security Council or the General Assembly may ultimately decide the matter, it is likely to put American efforts to restrain international lawlessness on a higher plane. No unauthorized party can undertake to provide order in any community without the profoundest handicaps of misunderstanding and opposition. In such a case there is no body of law and no court to determine who is an aggressor and who is the policeman, who is authorized to use force and who is not. We believe that this Nation should use military force only as conceived by the United Nations charter; that is, only when the proper United Nations body has considered and acted upon the threats to the peace or the breaches of the peace to which the United States or other concerned country has brought the U.N.'s attention. The only exception to this awaiting the U.N.'s decision should be the necessary quick response to direct attack, as in Korea; and in such a case the matter should be brought at once to the United Nations, as it was in June 1950. We are aware that if the Vietnam matter is brought before the Security Council, a veto may prevent action. Though such a veto may handicap the United Nations in bringing peace, discussion and voting on alternative proposals by the world body will help to clarify the position of the United States, and end its present appearance of unilateral intervention. We World Federalists are also aware that the United Nations has been handicapped in the Vietnam affair by the fact that neither North nor South Vietnam, nor mainland China is a member of the U.N. We have regretted and opposed the U.S. resistance to admission of China and her satellites to the United Nations. We would urge that these countries be invited to appear before the Security Council to take part in the discussions proposed. If they refuse, they should be invited to suggest arrangements by which their participation could be brought about, whether by the Geneva conference being resumed or otherwise. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF U.S. PROPOSALS We believe that the terms and conditions, implicit or explicit, which the United States may put upon its proposals to the Security Council have a great deal to do with the capacity of the Council to respond. Since the United Nations is dependent on voluntary compliancesince it has no power to enforce its decisions-a threat of veto or of defiance is likely to deter the U.N. from acting at all. This barrier should be and, we believe, has been removed as far as it can be by the United States, though it might help further by exactly committing itself not to cast a veto and to abide by the proper majority votes. If the U.N. can be brought to act on this matter, and if the Communist nations then block U.N. action, it will at least be clear who is responsible for preventing settlement. The United States should not share the blame by standing in the way of U.N. discussion and action. We support a Senate resolution for an advance U.S. pledge to carry out the decision of the Security Council. The United States could give further support to U.N. efforts to bring peace, by making it clear that the United States will negotiate. with any of the parties to the dispute, including the Vietcong, and that it will be glad to suspend bombing or any other hostilities which would not seriously jeopardize the United States-South Vietnamese military positions. Both Senate Concurrent Resolution 44 and Senate Resolution 180 are steps in the right direction, to put the Vietnam war into the United Nations. It is clear that the interests of the United States and of the world are dependent on the participation of the United Nations in all matters relating to threats to the peace and breaches of the peace. Passage of either resolution will help to restore the United States to a position of leadership as a seeker of peace with justice, and as a supporter of lasting world peace under world law. Senator MORSE. Mr. Potter, I am very pleased to have that statement, in the record. Senator Pell, any questions? Senator PELL. No questions. Senator MORSE. Thank you very, very much. Mr. POTTER. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. (The list of the delegates from Guatemala, previously referred to, follows:) DELEGATION FROM THE CONGRESS OF GUATEMALA October 27, 1967 His Excellency Francisco LINARES ARANDA, Ambassador of Guatemala Gonzalo LOPEZ Cifuentes Congressional Delegation Luis Jorge CAMPOLLO y Campollo German Ovidio CASTANEDA y Casteneda Oscar Manuel MARROQUIN Gomez Juan Francisco QUINTANA de Leon Senator MORSE. While you were absent, Senator Pell, I had a dialog with Dr. Wright in regard to your question this morning. Senator PELL. So I was informed, my good friend. I understand the answer was in the affirmative. Senator MORSE. He put in his legal brief that it is in the affirmative. I wanted it in the brief because I know you are as anxious as I am to get all points of view. I have made it a part of the record so that we could have it before us when we have our markup. Senator PELL. Thank you very much. APPEARANCE OF AMBASSADOR GOLDBERG Senator MORSE. The Chair and Dr. Marcy had a telephone conversation with Ambassador Goldberg yesterday afternoon, and the Ambassador repeated his desire at the first opportunity to appear before the committee to make a statement and answer our questions. He cannot make a commitment as to how early next week that will be because they are in the midst of a Security Council discussion in respect to the Middle East problem. But Ambassador Goldberg told us that he would keep in touch and advise us when he would be able to come down. The Chair rules the committee will stand in recess, subject to the call of the Chair for further public hearings. (Whereupon, at 4 p.m., the committee recessed, subject to the call of the Chair.) SUBMISSION OF THE VIETNAM CONFLICT TO THE UNITED NATIONS THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 2, 1967 UNITED STATES SENATE, COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, Washington, D.C. The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:05 a.m., in room 4221, New Senate Office Building, Senator J. W. Fulbright (chairman) presiding. Present: Senators Fulbright, Sparkman, Mansfield, Morse, Gore, Lausche, Symington, Pell, McCarthy, and Aiken. The CHAIRMAN. The committee will come to order. We meet this morning to continue a series of hearings on the role that the United Nations should play in settlement of the Vietnam conflict. The committee is considering two resolutions covering the question of submitting the Vietnam war to the United Nations Security Council. Both Senate Concurrent Resolution 44, introduced by the distinguished Senator from Oregon, Senator Morse, and Senate Resolution 180, introduced by the senior Senator from Montana, Mr. Mansfield, with 57 cosponsors, are being considered by the committee. We are very happy indeed this morning to welcome the Representative of the United States to the United Nations, Ambassador Arthur Goldberg. Mr. Ambassador, will you proceed? STATEMENT OF HON. ARTHUR J. GOLDBERG, U.S. REPRESENTATIVE TO THE UNITED NATIONS, ACCOMPANIED BY JOSEPH J. SISCO, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION AFFAIRS Ambassador GOLDBERG. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman and members of this committee. I should like to say I am accompanied here today by Mr. Joseph Sisco, the able and dedicated Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen, I appreciate very much your invitation to appear before this committee and to give testimony in public session on the important subject of the responsibility of the United Nations in the search for peace in Vietnam. This is the gravamen of Senate Concurrent Resolution 44 introduced by Senator Morse, and of Senate Resolution 180 introduced by Senator Mansfield and many other Senators. I should like also, Mr. Chairman, to express my appreciation to the committee which had scheduled me to appear last week to defer my appearance which was impossible at that time because of a meeting |