10. Propterea quod, &c., 'because in this long interval many of the properties had come to be held rightfully, by inheritance, or purchase, or in dowry.'

13. Illis-his. Observe that the rule that ""hic" refers to the latter of two objects," ille" to the former,' is by no means universal. It always refers to the nearest, but sometimes not to the nearest in position, but in thought. So here 'his' refers to the restored exiles, who were mentioned first, probably because they were 'nearer' in thought to Aratus, as being the especial objects of his legislation. See another instance in De Am. 2. 10 Cave Catoni anteponas ne istum quidem ipsum, quem Apollo sapientissimum iudicavit hujus enim (Catonis) facta, illius (Socratis) dicta laudantur.'

16. Rem integram, and desired that the matter should be left open till his return.' Integer,' derived from 'in' and 'TAG' the root of " ' tango, is literally untouched,' and so here' undecided.' So Cic. Phil. 1. 10 loquor de legibus promulgatis, de quibus est integrum vobis,'' about which you can still do as you like.'

17. Ptolemaeum. This was Ptolemy, surnamed Philadelphus, the second of the Macedonian line of kings of Egypt.

20. Grandi pecunia, 150 talents, about £36,500.

21. Adhibuit sibi in consilium, 'joined in commission with himself. 24. Perfecit aliis, 'by valuing the estates, he succeeded in persuading some,' &c.

26. Quod tanti esset, 'a fair price.'

29. Sic par est agere cum civibus, 'this is the right way to deal with fellow-countrymen.'

30. Bis iam vidimus: first by Sulla, then by Julius Caesar. In less than a year after this was written Cicero was himself included among the Proscripti' by Antony and Octavianus.

Hastam in foro ponere. A spear was the sign of an auction. The property of the 'proscripti' was confiscated and sold.

33. Eaque est-continere, and it is the main object and the highest wisdom of a good citizen not to separate the interests of his countrymen, but to unite all under one impartial rule.'

14. 5. Barbaria, 'savage country.' The termination -ia' in this word corresponds to our '-dom,' as heathendom, Christendom. Cp. Hor. Ep. 1. 2,7 'Graecia barbariae lento collisa duello.'

7. Caucasi. Not the mountains generally known by that name, but Cancasus Indicus, the Hindoo Coosh, the chain of mountains north of Cabool. 12. Prosequentibus suis, escorted by her friends.'

13. Aegyptiorum morem.

For the veneration of the Egyptians for

particular kinds of animals cp. Hdt. 2. 65-76.

14. Pravitatis erroribus, with the delusions of a false belief': 'pravus,' literally crooked,' 'distorted,' then metaphorically applied to what is either false in doctrine or vicious in practice. Cp. the French 'tort.'

15. Quamvis carnificinam, any degree of torture.'

17. Imprudentes, unawares,'' unintentionally.' The antecedent to 'quorum' is to be found not in the substantives preceding, but in the sentence, "If any one is guilty of any of these injuries:' so that 'quorum' = not 'et horum animalium,' but ' et horum animalium violandorum.'

20. Lustrationes: cp. Hor. Od. 3. 25, 11 'pede barbaro Lustratam Rhodopen.'

21. Excipiant,' encounter.'

15. 4. Artem memoriae, 'an artificial system of memory.' Proferebatur, 'was being published.'

5. Traditurum, 'would teach him.'

6. Ut omnia meminisset. Understand effecturum esse,'' that it would enable him to remember anything.'

9. Docuisset, had offered to teach him': he does not appear to have accepted the man's offer,

16. 1. Actio 'delivery': not so limited a word as 'action' with us.' Actor' is used at the end of the passage for speaker' (properly pleader,'' is qui causam agit'), and so 'actio' is the delivery of a speech, with all its accompaniments of tone, look, gesture.

Una dominatur, 'predominates over everything else.'

2. Esse in numero nullo potest, cannot be held in any account.' So Móyos is used in Greek, especially by Herodotus, cp. 1. 120 λóyov ovdevòs γινόμεθα. 3. 50 τοῦτο τὸ ἔπος ἐν οὐδενὶ λόγῳ ἐποιήσατο. 3. 120 σὺ ἐν ȧvòpŵv λóy; 'are you a man?'

3. Primas, secundas, tertias; understand 'partes,' the first, second, third place.' Demosthenes' emphatic form of expression has been often imitated; the most famous instance perhaps is that of Danton, the Jacobin leader in the French Revolution, when, describing the qualities required in a revolution, he says, 'Il nous faut de l'audace et encore de l'audace et toujours de l'audace.'

5. Quo-solet, and so Aeschines' well-known saying always ('solet') seems to me all the better.' 'Quo '= 'et eo,' and is ablative of measure after the comparative.

6. Propter ignominiam iudicii, 'on account of the disgrace which he incurred by the result of the trial.' Aeschines, in the action which he brought against Ctesiphon, did not get a fifth part of the votes, the result of which was, that he incurred a fine of 1000 drachmae, and also partial åτɩμía, being deprived of the right of appearing as accuser again. 'Iudicii' gen. of the object.

is

II. A Demosthene; this was the famous speech known as the De Corona.

17. 1. Qui se necesse est, 'those who choose to make themselves feared, must, in their turn, fear those by whom they are feared.'

2. Quid has no construction in the sentence, a second interrogative, 'quo,' having superseded it. We may supply in thought 'fecisse,' or some such

word.

moderatio? Ex quo Sardanapali, opulentissimi Syriae regis, error agnoscitur, qui incidi iussit in busto :

Haec habeo, quae edi, quaeque exsaturata libido

Hausit at illa iacent multa et praeclara relicta.

'Quid aliud,' inquit Aristoteles, 'in bovis non in regis sepulcro inscriberes?' Haec habere se mortuum dicit, quae ne vivus quidem diutius habebat, quam fruebatur.

29. 'Man wants but little here below.'

Scythes Anacharsis potuit pro nihilo pecuniam ducere, nostrates philosophi facere non poterunt? Illius epistola fertur his verbis, Anacharsis Hannoni salutem. Mihi amictui est Scythicum tegmen, calciamentum solorum callum, cubile terra, pulpamentum fames, lacte, caseo,: carne vescor. Quare ut ad quietum me licet venias. Munera autem ista, quibus es delectatus, vel civibus tuis vel diis immortalibus dona.' Omnes fere philosophi omnium disciplinarum, nisi quos a recta ratione natura vitiosa detorsisset, eodem hoc animo esse potuerunt. Socrates, in pompa quum magna vis auri argentique ferretur, 'Quam multa non desidero !' inquit. Xenocrates, quum legati ab Alexandro quinquaginta ei talenta attulissent, quae erat pecunia temporibus illis, Athenis praesertim, maxima, abduxit legatos ad caenam in Academiam; iis apposuit tantum quod satis esset, nullo apparatu. Quum postridie rogarent eum, cui numerari iuberet: 'Quid? vos hesterna,' inquit, 'caenula non intellexistis, me pecunia non egere?' Quos quum tristiores vidisset, xxx minas accepit, ne aspernari regis liberalitatem videretur. At vero Diogenes liberius, ut Cynicus, Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset, 'Nunc quidem paullulum,' inquit, 'a sole': offecerat videlicet apricanti. Et hic quidem disputare solebat, quanto regem Persarum vita fortunaque superaret: sibi nihil deesse:

25 illi nihil satis umquam fore: se eius voluptates non desiderare, quibus numquam satiari ille posset; suas eum consequi nullo modo posse.

30. Legal Questions.

Quum Lacedaemoniis lex esset, ut, hostias nisi ad sacrificium quoddam redemptor praebuisset, capitale esset: hostias is qui redemerat, quum sacrificii dies instaret, in urbem ex agro coepit agere. Tum, subito magnis commotis tem5 pestatibus fluvius Eurotas is, qui propter Lacedaemonem fluit, ita magnus et vehemens factus est, ut eo traduci victimae nullo modo possent. Redemptor suae voluntatis ostendendae causa hostias constituit omnes in litore, ut, qui trans flumen essent, videre possent. Quum omnes 10 studio eius subitam fluminis magnitudinem scirent fuisse impedimento, tamen quidam capitis arcessierunt. Intentio est: "Hostiae, quas debuisti ad sacrificium, praesto non fuerunt.' Depulsio est concessio. Ratio: Flumen enim

subito accrevit et ea re traduci non potuerunt.' Infirmatio 15 est: 'Tamen, quoniam, quod lex iubet, factum non est, supplicio dignus es.' Iudicatio est: Quum in ea re contra legem redemptor fecerit, qua in re studio eius subita fluminis obstiterit magnitudo, supplicione dignus est?'

Necessitudo autem infertur, quum vi quadam reus id quod ||

20 fecerit fecisse defenditur, hoc modo: Lex est apud Rhodios, ut, si qua rostrata in portu navis deprehensa sit, publicetur. Quum magna in alto tempestas esset, vis ventorum invitis nautis Rhodiorum in portum navim coëgit. Quaestor navim populi vocat. Navis dominus negat oportere publicari. 25 Intentio est : 'Rostrata navis in portu deprehensa est.' Depulsio, concessio. Ratio: 'Vi et necessario sumus in portum coacti.' Infirmatio est: 'Navim ex lege tamen populi esse oportet.' Iudicatio est: 'Quum rostratam navim in

portu deprehensam lex publicarit quumque haec navis invitis. nautis vi tempestatis in portum coniecta sit, oporteatne eam :: publicari.

31. A Socratic Dialogue.

Apud Socraticum Aeschinem demonstrat Socrates cum Xenophontis uxore et cum ipso Xenophonte Aspasiam locutam :

'Dic mihi, quaeso, Xenophontis uxor, si vicina tua melius habeat aurum quam tu habes, utrum illius an tuum malis?' 'Illius,' inquit.

'Quid si vestem et ceterum ornatum muliebrem pretii maioris habeat quam tu habes, tuumne an illius malis ? '

'Illius vero,' respondit.

'Agesis,' inquit, 'si virum illa meliorem habeat, quam tu 10 habes, utrumne tuum virum malis, an illius?'

Hic mulier erubuit. Aspasia autem cum ipso Xenophonte sermonem instituit.

Quaeso,' inquit, 'Xenophon, si vicinus tuus equum meliorem habeat quam tuus est; tuumne equum malis, an illius ?'

'Illius,' inquit.

'Quid si fundum meliorem habeat quam tu habes, utrum tandem fundum habere malis ? '

'Illum,' inquit, 'meliorem scilicet.'

'Quid si uxorem meliorem habeat, quam tu habes, utram malis?'

Atque hic Xenophon quoque ipse tacuit. Post Aspasia :

20

'Quoniam uterque vestrum,' inquit, 'id mihi solum non respondit, quod ego solum audire volueram, egomet dicam, 2; quid uterque cogitet. Nam et tu mulier optimum virum vis habere, et tu Xenophon uxorem habere lectissimam maxime vis. Quare, nisi hoc perfeceritis, ut neque vir melior, neque femina lectior in terris sit, profecto id semper,