at the beginning 'emerged' from the Euxine to the siege of Cyzicus; at the end the Romans invaded his dominions and carried war into' the Euxine.

193. Sic habetote, 'you are to understand,' 'I beg you to believe.' In some such way as this the future force of the imperative may be given.

200. Mensas Delphicas. Mensa Delphica' was a name applied to an 'abacus' or sideboard for displaying plate on. See Dict. of Ant. under 'Abacus.' The name probably originated from their being used in the temple at Delphi to hold the offerings (ȧvalýμara) which were presented to the temple.

201. Vasorum.

Observe that 'vas,'' vasis,' is an heteroclite word; in

the plural it prefers the forms of the second declension.

204. Mystagogos. Muσrayayós in Greek meant originally one who initiated others into the 'mysteries.' It appears to have been used in Sicily, as Cicero here applies it, as meaning 'a guide' or 'cicerone.' See Lidd. and Scott, sub voce.

Conversam iam habent demonstrationem suam, have henceforth to point out just the opposite of what they did before.'

208. Mediocri, 'but slight.'

=

213. Nimio opere, 'excessively,' a phrase formed on the analogy of magnopere magno opere, maximopere = maximo opere, tantopere = tanto opere, &c., all of which are used sometimes in the compounded form, sometimes as separate words.

225. Posteaquam, &c. Cicero's argument is that it is not likely that the Greeks would sell their works of art now, when from the lax state of the courts they might fail to get their money paid, while in the days when they could depend on finding impartial justice they never did so.

227. Quum iudicia fiebant, when trials were a reality.' The 'severa' which is joined with 'iudicia' just above explains the force of 'iudicia' by itself here.

230. Commercium istarum-non fuisse, 'had no opportunities of dealing with the Greeks for such matters.'

236. Referri in tabulas, 'that it should be entered in the accounts of the State.'

242. Vectigales aut stipendiarios. The distinction between these two words is this; 'vectigales' denotes those conquered nations who paid their tribute to Rome in the form of taxes or imposts, whether paid in kind, as the Sicilian decimae or tithe of their corn, or in money; 'stipendiarii' those who had to pay a fixed sum annually. Where the words are used separately, they are not always confined to their accurate meaning. In Livy 21. 41, Hannibal is spoken of with rhetorical exaggeration by Scipio as 'vectigalis stipendiariusque et servus populi Romani a patre relictus.'

243. Tamen, 'still,' implying although they did make them vectigales,' &c. Cp. 1. 84.

246. Merere, 'to take,' literally, 'to receive as payment.'

247. Europam in tauro, 'their Europa on the bull.'
referring to works of art which were well known at the time.
on the bull was probably a work of statuary.

Cicero is here

This Europa

249. Cupidinis signum. Mentioned above, 2. 4. 16.
253. Ialysum. Ialysus was a mythic hero of Rhodes. Lindus,
Ialysus, and Cameirus are mentioned in Hdt. 1. 144 as the three cities of
Rhodes, which were included in the Dorian Hexapolis, or League of six
cities. They were personified by the Greeks as three brothers. Pindar,
Ol. 7. 74, celebrating the victory of Diagoras of Rhodes, speaks of 'Pódos
as a nymph wedded to Helios, the Sun-god, and giving birth to various

sons-

ὧν εἷς μὲν Κάμειρον

πρεσβύτατόν τε Ιάλυσον ἔτεκεν Λίνδον τε.

254. Paralum. This was a painting by Protogenes, a famous Greek
painter of the fourth century, B.C., representing the Paralus, one of the State
vessels of the Athenians. See Dict. of Ant. under Paralus.'

255. Myronis buculam. Myron was a statuary, who lived about
480 B.C. His 'Cow' was one of the most famous works of Greek art.

257. Illud est-volo, 'the reason why I mention these is, that I wish
you to believe,' &c. The clause 'quod-auferantur' is in apposition with
'illud.'

263. Heraclii hereditatem. He is referring to a case, which had
been spoken of in detail in a previous part of the pleadings, in which Verres
had deprived Heraclius of an inheritance amounting to 3,000,000 sesterces,
on a false charge, and distributed it among the people of Syracuse.

264. Propter societatem, 'because he made them sharers.'

266. Tabulas, i.e. the 'tabulae publicae,'' the accounts and records of
the city.'

267. Neque publice neque privatim, neither from the authorities
nor from private individuals.' Cp. above, on 2. 12. 29.

270. Qui-fuisset. The relative is followed by a subjunctive, because
the clause gives an instance to prove his nobilitas,' and so is consecutive=
'talis, ut.'

272. Fratre. It appears from the mention below of the praenomen
Lucius, that it was his cousin Lucius Cicero, not his brother Quintus, who
was with him in Sicily.

273. Esse, dependent on a 'verbum dicendi' implied.

278. Honorifice sane consurgitur, 'they stood up in a body to
receive us, in the most complimentary manner.' 'Consurgo' is used in the
same sense as Pt. I. Sect. I. 6. 8.

280. Usu rerum, 'experience.'

281. Timarchidi. Another instance of a genitive in -i, from a Greek
noun in -es. See note on 2. 4. 14.

284. Quid utilitatis. 'Quid' in such sentences as this takes a geni-
tive, as being equivalent to a word of quantity.

As included in the account

288. Quum petebatur-deferebatur. which Cicero gives of his own words in the oratio obliqua, these verbs would naturally have been in the subjunctive. If the reading is correct, we must suppose that he does not give them as part of what he said at the time, but inserts them as a sort of parenthesis, to explain to his present audience what occasion he was referring to when he used the phrase ' in conventu Siculorum.' They then would be indicative, though past tenses with 'quum,' because the two clauses refer to simultaneous time, not consecutive.

293. Commemoratione, either 'my calling it to their mind,' i.e. my allusion to it,' or 'what it called to their mind,' i. e. 'the recollections it suggested.' The former is perhaps the simpler.

296. Quantum-poterat. They would be trying to speak in Latin, a foreign language, and one which as Greeks they would despise as 'barbarous.'

298. Palaestritis. Heraclius' inheritance was claimed by the 'palaestritae,' or 'guardians of the palaestra,' on a false plea that he had neglected to fulfil a clause in the will which required him to set up certain statues in the palaestra. The inheritance which was thus transferred to the palaestritae should by them have been held in trust for the people of Syracuse, but, as is implied below, was distributed among a few only, who were Verres' supporters.

300. Inventorem olei. Aristaeus, mentioned above, 1. 173.

307. Defuissent. A sort of zeugma, as the word is used in a slightly different sense with the two datives. Had refused to join in the general wish of the deputies (that Cicero should undertake the prosecution of Verres), and deserted the cause (saluti) of Sicily.'

311. Proposui.

Another zeugma. 'Proposui' would not be the

natural verb to use with meum animum in illos' if it had stood alone.

313. Quam-dicebant. This is in the indicative, because the clause is a sort of a parenthesis, explaining to his present hearers what 'laudatio' he 'Laudatio' here means a favourable testimony' voted by the assembly. A vote of thanks' would perhaps nearly express it.

meant.

316. Aerario sanctiore. The 'aerarium' or state treasury at Rome was divided into the aerarium commune,' where the ordinary revenue of the State was deposited, and the 'aerarium sanctius,' where the reserve fund was kept, which was never touched except on great emergencies. Cp. Livy 27. 10 Aurum vicesimarium (the produce of a tax of 5 per cent. on the value of manumitted slaves), quod in sanctiore aerario ad ultimos casu servabatur, promi placuit.' See Dict. of Ant. under 'Aerarium.' There may have been something corresponding to this at Syracuse, or the phrase may be used by analogy for the safest place in the treasury.'

319. Perscripta, 'a list written out in full.'

322. Ita perscriptum erat, 'there was this entry made.'

325. Esse ignotum. Impersonal passive perfect of 'ignosco.'

326. Deportandas, 'taken to Rome.' 'Deportare' is constantly used of persons and things brought home from the provinces.

327. Ratio sic mihi reddita est,' the following account was given me.' 331. Repudiatos, 'their proposal was rejected.'

332. Eum. L. Metellus was propraetor of Sicily at the time. 'His administration is praised by Cicero for restoring peace and security to the inhabitants, after the frightful scenes which had been enacted there by Verres; but he nevertheless attempted, in conjunction with his brothers, to shield Verres from justice, and tried to prevent the Sicilians from bringing forward their testimony and complaints against him.' Dict. of Biog. vol. ii. p. 1064.

345. Ei negotium facessitum, 'that he was in trouble.' Peducaeus had been propraetor in Sicily in 76 and 75 B.C. Cicero describes him else

where as 'vir optimus et innocentissimus.'

348. Iam non uteretur, 'no longer required.'

354. Recita. This is addressed to the clerk of the court, who read out all documents quoted on a trial.

Quod verba facta sunt. This is the formal way in which the preamble of a measure was commenced, like 'whereas,' &c., in an English bill.

360. Praesertim quum, 'and that too, when,' &c.

363. Eiusmodi senatus consulto fecisse laudationem, 'that the resolution voting the testimony was couched in such terms.'

368. A quo cognoscetis. The relative clauses here are introduced as oratio recta, addressed to the iudices before whom Cicero represents himself as pleading, inserted parenthetically in the oratio obliqua dependent on 'docent,' which recounts what the Syracusans had said to him. The sentences beginning with 'quod' are clauses of the preamble of the senatus consultum, quoted indirectly, and therefore in the subjunctive.

6

376. Hospitium publice fieret, that is, that L. Cicero should be formally voted 'hospes' of the state. Hospitium' is a formal bond of sacred friendship.

384. Varie, 'with opposition.'

386. Discessio facta esset, 'the division had been taken.'

'Discedere'

and discessio' are technical terms for dividing in order to vote on a

measure.

387. Perscriptum agrees with 'senatus consultum.'

396. Quis hoc vidit? quis audivit? Who ever saw or ever heard of such a thing?'

401. Nihil aegrius-abstinerentur, 'I had the greatest difficulty in inducing them, by the utmost efforts on my part, to keep their hands off the man who made the appeal.'

403. In ius, into court,' to have the matter decided.'

409. Enimvero is here ironical, 'forsooth.'

411. Graece locutus essem. It would be considered too great a condescension for a Roman to adopt the language of a conquered people. It

was a rule that'ne Graecis unquam nisi Latine responsa darent magistratus; ' Valerius Maximus, quoted by Long.

412. Tum multa-dicere, ‘I remember many things that I said, and this among the rest.'

413. Facile, 'quite.'

416. Quicum optime convenisset, though he had been on the best of terms with him,' i.e. had no personal grounds for refusing him his testimony.

418. Quod ubi. On this 'quod' see note above on 1. 112. Here it admits of explanation as = et ubi hoc intellexi.

419. Tabulas non commendaticias sed tributarias. 'Litterae commendaticiae' were formal letters of introduction or recommendation, which were constantly given; 'litterae tributariae' is a phrase coined by Cicero to suggest that the communications which Metellus received from Verres offered him some substantial consideration if he would try to quash the charges against him. Cicero had mentioned previously that Metellus at his first coming to Sicily had taken a strong line against Verres, but after a while, on the receipt of certain letters from Verres, had entirely changed his policy, and did everything to hinder the prosecution. It might be translated perhaps letters, not of introduction, but of credit.'

420. Impetum-facio, 'I endeavour to take forcible possession of the documents.'

422. Tamen, 'in spite of all.'

425. Theoractum.

eoparтós, literally 'godstruck,' was a nickname formed on his name Theomnastus. The fondness of both Greeks and Romans for broad personalities is well known.

430. Copulati, clinging to one another.' In ius, into court.'

434. Legem. The law of Rome, which gave a prosecutor, officially appointed in a public prosecution, the right to insist on the production of all documents which were required in evidence.

435. Fieri potestatem is the passive of the phrase 'facere alicui potestatem rei,' 'to give anyone the right to anything.'

436. Nihil-pertinere, 'that he had nothing to do with our laws.' Negare sibi placere, 'said that he would not allow.'

439. Legum sanctionem. The 'sanctio' of a law was that which gave it ratification, i. e. the penalty which it imposed on those who violated it. Poenam is therefore a mere synonym of 'sanctionem.' They are not two different things, but two names for the same thing. 441. Qui-declamasset, after having declaimed.' valent to 'quum,' which 'quum' would be concessive.

'Qui' is here equi