c. Jaf. Late Pronun 48. (b) The present subjunctive active, by changing the o into em in the first conjugation, and in the three others into am; as, amem, moneam, legam, audiam. (c) The present subjunctive passive, by changing the m of the present subjunctive active into r; as, amer, monear, legar, audiar. (d) The imperfect indicative active, by changing o into abam in the first conjugation, in the second into bam, and in the third and fourth into ebam. A change of the m into r makes the imperfect indicative passive, e. g., amabam, amabar; monebam, monebar; legebam, legebar; audicbam, audiebar. 3. Sac. 7.661. (e) The first future active, by changing o into abo in Lang.231. the first conjugation, in the second into bo, and in the third and fourth into am. From this is formed the first future passive by adding r in the first and second conjugations, and by changing m into r in the third and fourth; e. g., laudabo, laudabor; monebo, monebor; legam, legar; audiam, audiar. (f) The participle present active, by changing o in the first conjugations into ans, in the second into ns, and in the third and fourth into ens; e. g., laudo, laudans; moneo, monens; lego, legens; audio, audiens. From this particiSac.7.4. ple is derived the participle future passive, by changing ns into ndus; e. g., amandus, monendus, legendus, audiendus; and the gerund: amandum, monendum, legendum, audiendum. From the perfect indicative active are derived: (a) The pluperfect indicative, by changing i into eĕram: laudaveram, monueram, legeram, audiveram. B. Sa..7.663 (b) The future perfect, by changing i into ĕro: laudavero, monuero, legero, audivero. (c) The perfect subjunctive,* by changing i into ĕrim; laudaverim, monuerim, legerim, audiverim. (d) The pluperfect subjunctive, by changing i into issem (originally essem): laudavissem, monuissem, legissem, audivissem. (e) The perfect infinitive active, by changing i into isse (originally esse): laudavisse, monuisse, legisse, audi visse. * We use this name because the tense is most commonly used in the sense of a perfect subjunctive, although its form shows that it is in reality the subjunctive of the future perfect, the termination ĕre being changed into ĕrim. From the supine are derived : (a) The participle perfect passive, by changing um into us, a, um: laudatus, a, um; monitus, a, um; lectus, a, um; auditus, a, um. (b) The participle future active, by changing um into By means of the former participle, we form the tenses [§ 156.] The verb esse (to be) is called an auxiliary verb, because it is necessary for the formation of some tenses of the passive voice. It is also called a verb substantive, because it is the most general expression of existence. Its conjugation is very irregular, being made up of parts of two different verbs, the Greek εἰμί, ἐστί, ἔσομαι (from which sim and sum, est, eso or ero, were easily formed), and the obsolete fuo, the Greek púw. The supine and gerund are wanting, but the inflection in the persons is regular. INDICATIVE. Sing. Sum, I am. Longest, he is. Present. SUBJUNCTIVE. Sing. Sim, I may be. are.Taf. Lat. Pronan. 89. Plur. simus, we may be. Plur. sumus, we are. Sedang 17sunt, they are. B.Sc.7.657. Sing. Eram, I was. eras, thou wast. Plur eramus, we were. Jaf. Lat. Bona 9. eratis, ye were. erant, they were. sītis, ye may be. sint, they may be. Imperfect. Sing. Essem, I might be. B. Soc. 7.661. esses, thou mightst be. Plur. essemus, we might be. Future. Sing. Ero, I shall be. Pur. erimus, we shall be. erunt, they will be. Jaf. Lat. Pronum. 39. essetis, ye might be. essent, they might be. Instead of a subjunctive, the partici- Futurus sim, sis, &c., I may be Present, state not terminated, esse, to be. Perfect, terminated, fuisse, to have been. Future, futurum (am, um) esse, or fore, to be about to be. PARTICIPLES. Present, not terminated (ens), being. Future, futurus, a, um, one who is about to be. Note. The participle ens is only used as a substantive in philosophical language (see above, § 78, in fin.), and also in the two compounds, absens and praesens. The compounds absum, adsum, desum, insum, intersum, obsum, praesum, subsum, supersum, have the same conjugation as sum. Prosum inserts a d when pro is followed by e; e. g., prodes, prodest, &c.‡ Possum, I can (from pot, for potis, and sum), has an irregular conjugation. (See the irregular verbs, § 211.) The i in simus and sitis is long, and the e in eram, ero, &c., is short, as is indicated above in the conjugation itself, and also in the compounds; prosimus, prodĕram, proděrant, proderit, &c. Siem, sies, siet, sient, and fuam, fuas, fuat, fuant (from the obsolete fuo),§ * [The Perfect has often the force of an aorist, and is to be translated accordingly. In some grammars the perfect and aorist are given separ ately in inflection. Compare § 500.]-Am. Ed. [For an explanation of this mode of translating the imperative, consult the author's remarks, § 583.]-Am. Ed. [This "insertion of d," as it is commonly called, is nothing more than the bringing back of the full form of pro, which was anciently prod, and with which we may compare the Greek por-i, for póç, it being now admitted that pó and póc are, in fact, one and the same word.]—Am. Ed. [There is in Sanscrit the verb bhavami, from the root bhu, allied to the are antiquated forms for the corresponding persons of sim, and occur in the comic writers and in Lucretius. Instead of essem we have another form for the imperfect subjunctive, forem (likewise from fuo), in the singular and the third person plural. The infinitive fore belongs to the same root. Cicero rarely uses the form forem, but Livy frequently, especially in the sense of the conditional mood, "I should be." Other writers, especially the poets and Tacitus, use it in all respects like essem. The perfect fuvi, and the tenses derived from it, fūveram, fūvissem, fúvero, are other forms of fui, &c., and occur in the earliest poets; and in like manner we find, in the ancient language, escit, escunt, for erit and erunt. CHAPTER XLII. THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. [§ 157.] IN the following table the terminations are separated from the root of the verb, which renders it easy to conjugate any other verb according to these models. The verb lego (see Chap. XL.) is irregular in the formation of its perfect, but it has been retained as an example of verbs of the third conjugation, because the very absence of any peculiar termination in the perfect is a safeguard against misunderstandings which might arise; for example, from duco, duxi; scribo, scripsi; or claudo, clausi. old Latin verb fuo, and in the sense of oriri, nasci. With this may be compared the Greek oów, and the verb to be in English, together with the Celtic bydh, the Russian budu, and the Persian budemi. The Sanscrit has preserved the whole of bhavami, whereas the cognate verbs are defective in most other tongues.]—Am. Ed. Plur. am-āte, love ye. am-anto, they shall love. INFINITIVE. Future, Sing. am-ato, thou shalt love. Plur. am-atōte, ye shall love. Pres. and Imperf. (or of an action still going on), am-āre, to love. GERUND. Gen. am-andi; Dat. am-ando; Acc. am-andum; Abl. am-ando. SUPINE. am-atum; am-atu. PARTICIPLES. Pres. and Imperf. (of an action still going on), am-ans, loving. |