praesto is certain in late authors only, whereas praestaturus is frequent. Of disto, the perfect and supine are wanting.

The active verbs juro and coeno have a participle with a passive form, but an active signification: juratus (with the compounds conjuratus and injuratus), one who has sworn; and coenatus, one who has dined. From the analogy of conjuratus, the same active signification was afterward given to conspiratus, one who has formed a conspiracy or joined a conspiracy.

CHAPTER XLV.

SECOND CONJUGATION.

[§ 172.] THE irregularity of verbs of the second conjugation consists partly in their being defective in their forms, and partly in their forming the perfect and supine, or one of them, like verbs of the third conjugation. With regard to the first irregularity, there are a great many verbs in this conjugation which have no supine, that is, which not only have no participle perfect passive (which cannot be a matter of surprise, since their meaning does not admit of it), but also no participle future active. (See § 153.) The regular form of the perfect is ui, and of the supine itum; but it must be observed, at the same time, that some verbs throw out the short i in the supine; and all verbs which in the present have a v before eo undergo a sort of contraction, since, e. g., we find cāvi, cautum, instead of căvui, căvitum, from caveo; but this can scarcely be considered as an irregularity, since v and u was only one letter with the Romans. Respecting the lengthening of the vowel in dissyllabic perfects, see § 18. We shall subjoin a list of the regular verbs of this conjugation as exercises for the beginner, confining ourselves to the form of the present.

To these regular verbs we may first add those of which we spoke shortly before, viz.:

[§ 173.] (a) Those which make the Perfect in vi instead of vui

Căveo, cāvi, cautum, cavere, take care.

Praecaveo, take precaution.

Conniveo, nivi, or nixi (neither very common), no supine; close the eyes.

Faveo, fāvi, fautum, am favourable.

Foveo, fovi, fotum, cherish.

Moveo, movi, motum, move.

Commoveo and permoveo strengthen the meaning; amoveo and submo veo, remove; admoveo, bring to; promoveo, bring forward; removeo, bring back, or remove.

Păveo, pāvi (no supine), dread.

Hence the compound inchoat. expavesco, expavi, is more commonly used, especially in the perfect.

Võveo, võvi, vōtum, vow; devoveo, devote with imprecation.

Ferveo, fervi, and ferbui (no supine), glow, am hot.

Fervit, fervat, fervere, after the third (comp. Virg., Georg., i., 455, with Quintil., i., 6, 7), is an archaism. The inchoatives of the third conjugation, effervesco, refervesco, have the perfect in vi and bui (vi is more frequent in Cicero); in confervesco, bui alone is known.

[§ 174.] (b) Those which make the Perfect in evi instead of ui.

Deleo, delevi, deletum, extinguish, destroy.

Fleo, flevi, fletum, weep.

Neo, nevi, netum, spin.

(From Pleo), compleo, complevi, completum, fill up; expleo, impleo.

From oleo, grow, we have the compounds, aboleo, abolish; abolesco, cease; adoleo, adolesco, grow up; exoleo or exolesco, and obsoleo or obsolesco, grow obsolete; all of which have evi in the perfect; but the supine of aboleo is abolitum, of adolesco, adultum, and the rest have ētum: exoletum, obsoletum. Besides abolitum, however, there exist only the adjectives adultus, exoletus, obsoletus.

[§ 175.] (c) Those which throw out the short i in the Supine.

Doceo, docui, doctum, teach.

Compounds: edoceo and perdoceo, strengthen the meaning; dedoceo, teach otherwise.

Teneo, tenui (tentum, rare), hold, keep.

Abstineo, abstain; attineo, keep occupied by or at a thing; contineo, keep together; detineo, keep back; distineo, keep asunder; retineo, retain; sustineo, keep upright. All these have in the supine tentum. Pertineo, belong to, has no supine.

Misceo, miscui, mixtum or mistum, mix.

Mixtum is better attested by MSS. than mistum. Compounds are, admisceo, commisceo, immisceo, permisceo.

Torreo, torrui, tostum, roast.

To these we may add,

Censeo, censui, censum (participle also censītus), estimate, believe.

Percenseo, enumerate, without supine. Of accenseo, reckon with, we find accensus; of succenseo, am angry, succensurus; and recenseo, examine, makes both recensum and recensitum, the latter of which is, perhaps, better attested.

[§ 176.] (d) Those which make the Perfect regularly in ui, but have no Supine.

Arceo, arcui, arcere, keep off.

But the compounds coerceo, coerce; exerceo, exercise, have a supine in itum.

Calleo, have a hard skin, am skilled in (callidus).

Candeo, shine, glow (candidus).

Egeo, want. Compound, indigeo.

(From mineo), emineo, stand forth.

Floreo, flourish.

Frondeo, have foliage; effrondui.

Horreo, shudder, am horrified (horridus).

Compounds: abhorreo, and a number of inchoatives; as, horresco, per

horresco.

Langueo, am languid (languidus).

Lateo, am concealed.

Compounds interlateo, perlateo, sublateo.

Mădeo, am wet (madidus).

Niteo, shine (nitidus).

Compounds: eniteo, interniteo, praeniteo.

Oleo, smell.

Compounds: aboleo and redoleo, have the smell of; suboleo, smell a

little.

Palleo, am pale.

Păteo, am open.

Rigeo, am stiff (rigidus).

Rubeo, am red (rubidus).

Sileo, am silent.

Sorbeo, sorbui, sip.

Perf. sorpsi, very rare. Compounds: absorbeo and exsorbeo.

Sordeo, am dirty (sordidus).

Splendeo, am splendid (splendidus).

Studeo, endeavour, study.

Stupeo, am startled, astonished (stupidus).
Timeo, fear (timidus).

Torpeo, am torpid.

Tumeo, swell, am swollen (tumidus).
Vigeo, am animated.

Vireo, am green, or flourish.

Besides these, there is a number of similar verbs which are derived from adjectives, and occur more rarely, and chiefly in the form of inchoatives, for the Latin language has great freedom in the formation of these intransitive verbs, and in that of inchoatives either with or without a primary form. Compare Chap. LII.

The following are really irregular verbs, and follow the analogy of the third conjugation:

[§ 177.] 1. Verbs which make the Perfect in si and the Supine in sum.

Ardeo, arsi, arsum, ardere, burn.

Haereo, haesi, haesum, cleave.

Compounds: adhaereo, cohaereo, inhaereo.

Jubeo, jussi, jussum, command.

Tof. Lat. Pron 71.

Măneo, mansi, mansum, remain. (But mano, as, flow.) Permaneo (permănes), wait; remaneo, remain behind.

Mulceo, mulsi, mulsum, stroke, caress.

The compounds demulceo and permulceo strengthen the meaning. The participle permulsus is certain, but demulctus and permulctus likewise occur.

Mulgeo, mulsi, mulsum, milk.

Participle comp. emulsus. The derivative nouns mulctus, us, the milking, mulctra, and mulctrale, show that formerly mulctum also existed. Rideo, risi, risum, laugh.

Compounds: arrideo (arrides), smile upon or please: derideo and irrideo, laugh at, scorn; subrideo, smile.

Suadeo, suasi, suasum, advise.

Dissuadeo, dissuade; persuadeo, persuade; but, like suadeo, with the dative.

Tergeo, tersi, tersum, tergere, wipe; is used also as a verb of the third conjugation: tergo, tersi, tersum, tergere. Cicero uses tergo more frequently as a verb of the third conjugation, whereas the compounds abstergeo, detergeo, extergeo, incline more towards the second (abstergebo, Cic., ad Q. Frat., ii., 10), although in these compounds, too, the forms of the third are not uncommon.

Of denseo, the ancient and poetical form for denso, densare condense (see Bentley on Horace, Carm., i., 28, 19),

the perfect densi is mentioned by the grammarians, and the existence of a supine is attested by the adjective den

sus.

[§ 178.] 2. Verbs which make the Perfect in si, but have no Supine.

Algeo, alsi, algere, shiver with cold.

The supine is wanting, but from it is derived the adjective alsus, a, um, cold.

Fulgeo, fulsi, fulgere, shine, am bright. (Fulgere is poetical.)

Turgeo, tursi (rare), swell.

Urgeo or urgueo, ursi, press.

3. Verbs with the Perfect in si and the Supine in tum. Indulgeo, indulsi, indultum, indulge.

Torqueo, torsi, tortum, twist.

Compounds: contorqueo, twist together; distorqueo, twist away; extorqueo, wrest out or from.

4. Verbs with the Perfect in xi and the Supine in tum. Augeo, auxi, auctum, increase.

Luceo, luxi, lucere, shine; has no supine.

Lūgeo, luxi, lugere, mourn; has no supine.

Frigeo, frixi, frigere, am cold; has no supine.

[§ 179.] 5. Verbs with the Perfect in i and the Supine in

sum.

Prandeo, prandi, pransum, dine. The participle pransus has an active signification: one who has dined. Sēdeo, sēdi, sessum, sit.

Assideo (assides), sit by; desideo, sit down; circumsedeo or circumsideo, surround; insideo, sit upon; supersedeo, do without; possideo, possess; dissideo, dissent; praesideo, preside; resideo, settle down. The last three have no supine.

Video, vidi, visum, see.

B. Soc. 7.657.

Invideo (invides), envy, alicui; pervideo, see through; praevideo, foresee; provideo, provide.

Strideo, strīdi, without supine. In poetry stridere.

6. Verbs with a Reduplication in the Perfect.

Mordeo, momordi, morsum, bite.

Pendeo, pependi, pensum, am suspended.

Dependeo, depend, and impendeo, soar above, am impending, lose the reduplication.

Spondeo, spospondi, sponsum, vow.

Despondeo, despondi, promise; respondeo, respondi, answer, are likewise without the reduplication.