Tondeo, totondi, tonsum, shear. The compounds lose the reduplication; as, attondeo, detondeo Caneo, am gray (canus). Clueo (also in the passive clueor, and after the third conjugation, cluo, cluĕre), am called, is obsolete. Flaveo, am yellow (flavus). Foeteo, stink (foetidus). Hěbeo, am dull, stupid (hebes). Humeo, am damp (humidus). Liveo, am pale or envious (lividus). (Mineo) immineo, to be imminent, threatening. Promi neo, am prominent. Maerco, mourn (maestus). Polleo, am strong. Renideo, shine, smile. Scăteo, gush forth (Scatĕre in Lucretius). Squaleo, am dirty (squalidus). Vegeo, am gay (vegětus). Cico, ciere, is the same word as the rare and obsolete cro, cire, stir up; both make the perfect civi, according to the fourth conjugation; in the supine they differ in quantity, cieo making citum, and cio, citum. Note. In the compounds, too, e. g., concieo, excien, the forms of the second and fourth conjugation cannot be separated; but we must observe that, in the signification of "to call," the forms of the fourth are preferred, e. g., imperf. cibam, cirem; infinit. ciri; the participles concitus and excitus signify excited;" whereas excitus means "called out." Percieo and incieo retain the signification of "to excite," hence percitus and incitus; but accire, to call towards, summon or invite (of which the present indicative does not occur), has only accitus. Derived from citum are: cito, quick; the frequentative citare, and hence excito, incito, and suscito. [§ 181.] 8. Semideponents. (See above, § 148.) Audeo, ausus sum, venture. (Partic. future ausurus.) The ancient future subjunctive (see ◊ 162) ausim, ausis, ausit, ausint, is a remnant of the obsolete perfect ausi. The participle ausus and its compound inausus are used in poetical language with a passive signification. Gaudeo, gavisus sum, rejoice. (Partic. fut. gavisurus.) Soleo, solitus sum, am accustomed (to do something). The impersonal compound assolet signifies "it usually happens." In the list of verbs of this conjugation it seems to be still more necessary than in the preceding one to include those verbs which, according to Chapter XL., form their perfect and supine regularly. We divide them into several classes according to the characteristic letter which precedes the o in the present, agreeably to the method which has long since been adopted in Greek grammars. [§ 182.] 1. Verbs which have a Vowel before o, including those in vo. The following have the Perfect and Supine regular : Acuo, acui, acutum, sharpen. Exacuo and peracuo, strengthen the meaning; praeacuo, sharpen at the end. Arguo, accuse, convict of (perf. passive in the latter sense usually convictus, from convincere). Argūtus, as an adjective, signifies "clear." Coarguo, the same; redarguo, refute a charge. Imbuo, to dip, imbue. Induo, put on; exuo, strip off. Luo (participle luiturus), pay, atone for. Abluo and eluo, wash off; polluo, defile; diluo, refute, are derived from another luo (lavo), and all make the supine in lūtum. Minuo, lessen. Comminuo, deminuo, diminuo, imminuo, strengthen the meaning. (Nuo, nod, does not occur; from it are formed) Abnuo, refuse; annuo, assent; innuo, allude, or refer to; renuo, decline; all of which have no supine; abnuo alone has a participle future, abnuiturus. Ruo (supine ruitum, ruiturus, at least is derived from it rutum occurs only in compounds, and is otherwise obsolete), fall. Diruo, dirui, dirutum, destroy; obruo, overwhelm; proruo, rush forward. Corruo, fall down; and irruo, rush on, have no supine. Spuo, spit. Conspuo, spit on; despuo, reject with disgust. Statuo, establish. Constituo and instituo, institute; restituo, re-establish; substituo, establish instead of; destituo, abandon. Sternuo, sneeze (without supine); the frequentative sternuto is more commonly used. Suo, sew. Consuo, sew together; dissuo and resuo, unsew, Tribuo, allot to. Attribuo, the same; distribuo, divide; contribuo, contribute. Solvo, solvi, solutum, loosen. Absolvo, acquit; dissolvo, dissolve; exsolvo, release; persolvo, pay. Volvo, roll (frequentative voluto). volvo, unroll; involvo, roll up; pervolvo, read through. The following are without a Supine: Congruo, congrui, agree, and ingruo, penetrate. The sim- Metuo, metui, fear. (Timeo, likewise without supine.) So The following are irregular: [§ 183.] Capio, cepi, captum, capere, take hold of. per.. The compounds change ă into ĭ, and in the supine a into e, except antecapio. Accipio, receive; excipio, receive as a guest, succeed; recipio, recover; suscipio, undertake; decipio, deceive; percipio, comprehend; praecipio, give a precept. B. Sac.7657. Făcio, feci, factum, do, make. Arefacio, dry up; assuefacio and consuefacio, accustom; calefacio and tepefacio, warm; frigefacio, cool; labefacio, make to totter; patefacio, open; satisfacio, satisfy. These have, in the passive, -fio, factus sum, -fieri. But those which change a into i form their own passive in -ficior, and make the supine in -fectum: afficio, affect; conficio and perficio, complete; deficio, fall off, am wanting; interficio, kill; proficio, make progress; reficio, revive, repair; officio, stand in the way, injure. Confit, confieri, however, is used as a passive of conficio, but only in the third person, and not by Cicero. Defit, it is wanting, is common in the comic writers. Other compounds of facio follow the first conjugation: amplifico, sacrifico, and the deponents gratificor, ludificor. Jacio, jeci, jactum, throw. The compounds change ă into, and in the supine into e, except superjacio, of which, however, superjectum also is found. Abjcio, throw away; adjicio, add; dejicio, throw down; ejicio, throw out; injicio, throw in; objicio, throw against; rejicio, throw back; transjicio or trajicio, throw or carry across. These compounds are sometimes found with i instead of ji: abicere, inicere, reicere (in the last ei is a diphthong in Virg., Ecl., iii., 96: a flumine reice capellas); and this pronunciation was with the ancients much more frequent, or, perhaps, the common one, for in MSS. it is written so almost everywhere; and Priscian mentions a form icio as synonymous with jacio. No certain conclusion, however, can be come to, as the most ancient MSS., such as the Codex Mediceus of Virgil, have a simple i where the length of the preceding syllable shows the existence of the consonant j. [§ 184.] The following have x in the Perfect: (From the obsolete lacio, entice, of which lacto is the frequentative), allicio, exi, ectum, allure; illicio, entice in; pellicio, lead astray; but elicio makes elicui, elicitum, draw out. (From specio, xi, ctum, see, of which the frequentative is specto), aspicio, exi, ectum, look on; conspicio, the same; despicio, look down, despise; dispicio and perspicio, understand; inspicio, look into; respicio, look back; suspicio, look up, reverence. Fluo, fluxi, fluctum, flow. Affluo, flow in; confluo, flow together; effluo, flow out; interfluo, flow between. Struo, struxi, structum, build, pile. Construo and exstruo, build up; destruo, pull down; instruo, set in order. Vivo, vixi, victum, live. Taf. Lat. Fronum. 97. [§ 185.] Other Irregularities. Fodio, fodi, fossum, dig. Effodio, dig out; confodio and perfodio, dig, pierce through; suffodio, undermine. Fugio, fugi, fugitum, flee. Aufugio and effugio, flee away, escape; confugio and perfugio, take refuge. Cupio, -ivi, -itum, desire. Discupio, percupio, strengthen the meaning. Concupio only in the participle concupiens, otherwise concupisco. Rapio, rapui, raptum, rob, snatch. Arripio, arripui, arreptum, seize; abripio and eripio, snatch away; deripio, plunder; surripio, steal clandestinely. Părio, pepĕri, partum, bring forth. (But the particip. fut. act. pariturus.) Lucretius has pariri. Quatio (quassi is not found), quassum, shake. Concutio, ussi, ussum, shake violently; discutio, shake asunder; excutio, shake out, off (fig. examine); incutio, drive into; percutio, strike; repercutio, rebound. Săpio, ivi and ui (no supine), am wise. Desipio (without perfect), am foolish; resipio, have a taste of, or become wise again. (From the obsolete present coepio), coepi and coeptus sum, coeptum (coepere), have begun. See § 221. CHAPTER XLVII. [§ 186.] 2. VERBS IN "DO" AND "TO." The following are regular: Claudo, clausi, clausum, claudere, close. Concludo, shut up, conclude; excludo and secludo, shut out; includo, shut in, are all derived from a form cludo which is still in use. Divido, divisi, divisum, divide. Laedo, injure. Allido, strike against; illido, strike upon; collido, strike together; elido, strike out. Ludo, sport. Colludo, play with; allūdo, play upon; eludo, deludo, and illudo, ridicule. Plaudo, si, sum, clap. Applaudo, applaud. The other compounds (with a different pronunciation) have -ōdo, -ōsi, -ōsum; as, explodo, explode; complodo, clap the hands; supplodo, stamp with the feet. Rado, shave, scrape; so in abrādo, circumrādo, derādo, erado; corrado, scrape together. Rōdo, gnaw. Abrodo and derodo, gnaw off; arrodo, nibble; circumrodo, nibble all round; perrodo, gnaw through. Trūdo, thrust, with its compounds; detrudo, thrust down; extrudo, thrust out; protrudo, thrust forward. Vado (no perfect or supine), go. But evado, evasi, evasum, escape; invado, attack; pervado, go through. [§ 187.] The following are irregular: (a) With a Reduplication in the Perfect. Cădo, cecidi, cāsum, fall. Of the compounds, these have a supine: incido, incidi, incāsum, fall in or upon; occido, set; recido, fall back. The rest have none: concido, sink together; decido, fall down; excido, fall out of; accidit, it happens (used most commonly of a misfortune). Caedo, cecidi, caesum, cut. Abscido, abscidi, abscīsum, cut off; concido, cut to pieces; incido, cut into; occido, kill; recido, cut away. So decido, excido, praecido, and others. Pedo, pepēdi (peditum), πépôεolar. Pendo, pependi, pensum, weigh. Appendo, appendi, appensum, weigh out to; expendo, spend, also consider, like perpendo; suspendo, hang from; dependo, pay; impendo, employ upon or in something. See § 179. Tendo, tetendi, tensum and tentum, stretch. Taf. Lat. Pronun 71.74.95. |