Of ango, anxi, torment; and ningo, ninxi, snow, no supine is found.

Of clango, ring loudly, neither perfect nor supine; according to analogy, the former would be clanxi.

[§ 194.] The following are irregular in the formation of the Perfect:

(a) Taking a Reduplication.

Parco, peperci, parsum, spare; parsi is rare, and an archaism; parcitum is uncertain.

The distinction is commonly made, that, in the sense of sparing life, health, peperci, parcitum, in that of sparing money, parsi, parsum, are used; but the distinction cannot be carried out, for the sense is, in fact, the same, viz., to consume as little as possible of anything. Parco or comparco, parsi or persi, -parsum, to accumulate by saving, with the accus., occurs, indeed, in comedy; but this use of the word is very rare, and does not seem to have been common in ordinary life, where other expressions were used, such as pecuniam facere, or in futuros usus colligere, and parco retained its dative and its ordinary meaning.

Pungo, pupugi, punctum, pierce.

The compounds have in the perfect punxi; as, compungo, dispungo, and interpungo, distinguish with points.

Tango, tetigi, tactum, touch.

Attingo and contingo, -tigi, -tactum, touch; contingit, contigit; obtingit, obtigit (as impersonals), it falls to the lot; usually in a good sense. Pango, in the sense of strike, drive in, panxi, (obsolete pegi), panctum; in the sense of bargain, pepigi, pactum. In this sense paciscor is employed in the present. The compounds have pegi, pactum; as, compingo, fasten together; impingo. So, also, oppango, oppēgi, strike upon. Of depango and repango, the perfect and supine are found in the classics.

[§ 195.] (b) Without changing the Characteristic Letter. Ago, ēgi, actum, agere, drive.

Cogo (coago), coēgi, coactum, drive together, force; perago, carry through; abigo, drive away; adigo, exigo, redigo, subigo, transigo. Prodigo, -egi (without supine), squander; ambigo, am irresolute, doubt, and satago (satis ago), am busy, are both without perfect and supine. Dego, degi (rare), no supine, spend (vitam, aetatem). Frango, fregi fractum, break.

Confringo and perfringo strengthen the meaning; effringo and refringo, break open.

Lego, legi, lectum, read. (But lego, as, send off.)

So perlego, praelego, with those changing ĕ into i; as, colligo, deligo, eligo, and seligo, are conjugated. But diligo, intelligo (obsolete intellego), and negligo (obsolete neglego), have -exi in the perfect. The perfects intellegi and neglegi are uncertain or unclassical,

Ico or icio, ici, ictum, strike, in connexion with foedus. Priscian (p. 877 and 886) mentions both forms, but

nothing can be decided, as icit only occurs in the present, and iciunt in Tacitus (Ann., xi., 9) is only a wrong conjecture for faciunt. Otherwise ferio is used in the present instead.

Vinco, vici, victum, conquer.

Convinco, persuade; devinco, overcome; evinco, carry a point, establish by argument.

Linquo, liqui, leave (no supine), chiefly used in poetry. The compounds relinquo, derelinquo, delinquo, have lictum in the supine. [§ 196.] (c) Perfect si, Supine sum.

Mergo, mersi, mersum, dip.

Emergo, demergo, and immergo, submergo.

Spargo, sparsi, sparsum, scatter.

Aspergo, conspergo, and respergo, -ersi, -ersum, besprinkle; expergo, sprinkle abroad.

Tergo, tersi, tersum, wipe. (See above, § 177.)

Vergo, vergere, incline towards, without perfect and supine.

CHAPTER L.

[§ 197.] 5. VERBS WHICH HAVE “L, M, N, R” BEFORE “o.” Regular verbs in mo.

Como, compsi, comptum, comere, adorn.

Demo, take away.

Promo, bring out.

Depromo, expromo, the same in signification.

Sumo, take.

Absūmo and consumo, consume; assumo, desumo.

Temno, temnere, despise (poetical).

Contemno, contempsi, contemptum, the same meaning.

Irregular.

[§ 198.] (a) Conjugated according to the Analogy of the Second Conjugation.

Alo, alui, alitum (or altum), alere, nourish.

Altus occurs in Cicero and Sallust; afterward alitus becomes the common form, as in Livy and Val. Maximus. See Garatoni on Cic., p. Planc., 33.

Colo, colui, cultum, till.

Excolo and percolo strengthen the meaning; incolo, inhabit a country. Consulo, consului, consultum, ask advice.

Molo, molui, molitum, grind.

Occulo, occului, occultum, conceal.
Fremo, fremui, fremitum, murmur.
Adfremo, confrĕmo.

Gemo, gemui, gemitum, groan.

Congemo (congemisco), ingemo (ingemisco), ui, no supine, lament. Tremo, tremui (no supine), tremble.

Contrěmo strengthens the meaning.

Võmo, vomui, vomitum, vomit.

Evomo, revomo.

Gigno, beget, has (from the obsolete gěno), genui, geni

tum.

Ingigno, implant; progigno, bring forth.

Pōno, posui (posivi obs.), positum, place.

Antepono, prefer; appono, place by; compono, arrange; depono, lay down; dispono, set out, or in order; expono, explain; oppono, oppose; postpono, to place after; praepono, prefer; sepono, set on one side. Respecting the short o in the perfect and supine, see § 18, 3.

(From the obsolete cello)—

Antecello, excello, praecello, ui (without supine), surpass; but percello, perculi, perculsum, strike down.

[§ 199.] (b) Forming the Perfect with Reduplication. Căno, cecini, cantum, canere, sing.

Succino, succinui, succentum, sing to; so occino (or occano), sing, sound against; concino, ui, harmonize, or, in an active sense, begin a song, without supine, but the substantive concentus is derived from it. Of accino, intercino, and recino (or recano) no perfect or supine is found; but from accino we have the substantive accentus.

Curro, cucurri, cursum, run.

The compounds accurro, decurro, excurro, incurro, percurro, praecurro, and others, sometimes retain, but more frequently drop the reduplication in the perfect.

Fallo, fefelli, falsum, cheat.

Refello, refelli (no supine), refute.

Pello, pepuli, pulsum, drive away.

Appello, appuli, appulsum, come to land. In the same way are conjugated compello, urge, compel; depello, propello, repello, drive away; expello, drive out; impello and perpello, urge on.

[§ 200.] (c) Making vi in the Perfect.

Cerno, crevi, cretum, separate, see, perceive. In the sense of seeing, perceiving, the verb has neither perfect nor supine. The perfect crevi is used in juristical language in the sense of decrevi, and in the phrase hereditatem cernere, for hereditatem adire.

Compounds: Decerno, decrevi, decretum, decree; so discerno, excerno, secerno, separate, distinguish.

Lino, levi (or livi), lītum, smear.

Collino, illino, perlino, oblino (participle oblitus, not to be confounded

with oblitus, from obliviscor), perlino, besmear. There is also a regular verb of the fourth conjugation of the same meaning, from which the compounds allinio, circumlinio, illinio, and others used by later writers, are derived.

Sino, sivi, situm, allow. In the perfect subjunctive we find sirim, siris, sirit, along with siverit. (Situs, situated, is perhaps derived from this verb.)

Desino, desivi and desii (at least, desit for desiit in Martial, see § 160, note, for desierunt is no proof), desitum, cease. Desitus est is also used

as a perfect with the infin. passive, like coeptus est. (See § 221.)

Sperno, sprevi, spretum, despise.

Sterno, strāvi, stratum, stretch out on the ground.

Consterno, insterno, spread out (but consterno, as, frighten); prosterno, throw down; substerno, spread under.

Sero, in the sense of sowing, has sēvi, sătum; in that of arranging and connecting together it is said to have serui, sertum, but these forms of the simple verb do not occur, though serta, garlands, is derived from sertum.

The compounds are variously conjugated according to their meaning. Consero and insero make -ui, -ertum, in the sense of joining; evi, -itum, in the sense of sowing. The following compounds are used only in the sense of joining: Desero, dissero, exsero, and accordingly make only serui, sertum. That the verbs sero, sevi, and sero, serui, are really the same, is proved by the interchange of inserere and conserere in good authors, of which any dictionary may furnish examples.

Tēro, trivi, tritum, rub.

Contero, rub to pieces; attero, rub away, injure (perfect also atterui); extero, remove by rubbing.

[§ 201.] (d) Other Irregularities.

Vello, velli, and vulsi (but more frequently velli), vulsum, pluck out.

The compounds convello, revello, and divello have only velli in the perfect; but avello and evello have also avulsi and evulsi.

Psallo, psalli, psallere, play on a stringed instrument.
Emo, emi, emptum, buy.

Coĕmo, collect by purchase; redimo, purchase back. The signification "take appears in the compounds adimo, take away; dirimo, divide; eximo, take out; interimo, take away, kill; perimo, destroy.

Premo, pressi, pressum, press.

Comprimo, press together; deprimo, opprimo, supprimo, press down; exprimo, press out.

Gero, gessi, gestum, carry, transact.

Congero, bring together; digero, arrange; ingero, introduce.

Uro, ussi, ustum, burn.

Adūro, kindle; combūro, consume by fire; inuro, burn in, brand; exūro,

burn out.

Another pronunciation of the same word is quaeso. (See § 224.) Acquiro, acquire; conquiro, collect; anquiro, exquiro, inquiro, perquiro, examine; requiro, miss, require.

(Furo), furere, rage (without perfect or supine); insanivi is used as a perfect instead. Even the first person present is not found, though furis and furit are com

mon.

Fero, tuli, latum, ferre, is irregular in several points. See below, § 213.

་

CHAPTER LI.

[§ 202.] 6. VERBS IN

66

So "

AND

"Xo."

Depso, depsui, depsitum, and depstum, knead.

Pinso, pinsui and pinsi, pinsitum and pistum (also pinsum), pound, grind.

Viso, visi, visere, visit. The supine visum belongs to videre, from which visere itself is derived.

Texo, texui, textum, weave.

Compounds frequently with a figurative signification: attexo, add; contexo, put together; obtexo, cover; pertexo, carry out; praetexo, add a hem; retexo, to undo that which is woven, destroy.

After the Analogy of the Fourth Conjugation :

Arcesso, or accerso, -īvi, -ītum, summon.

Both modes of writing this word are found in good MSS. and editions; compare Schneider's Elementarlehre, p. 257, foll., and the quotations in Kritz on Sallust, Catil., 40. The infinitive passive arcessiri occurs sometimes, as in Caes., Bell. Gall., v., 11, Oudendorp. Capesso, undertake.

Facesso, give trouble, especially with negotium and periculum, also equivalent to proficiscor, get off (facesseris, in Cic., Div., in Q. Caec., 14).

Incesso, attack; no supine. Perfect, incessivi: incessi is doubtful (Tac., Hist., iii., 77), unless we refer to this root, and not to incedo, the frequently occurring phrase, cura, desperatio, &c., incessit animos.

Lacesso, provoke.

[§ 203.] 7. Verbs in sco, either not Inchoatives,* or of which the Simple is no longer found.

Cresco, crēvi, cretum, grow.

* [On an accurate examination of their meaning, however, such verbs as cresco, nosco, &c., will be found to be actual inchoatives, and might as well have been arranged under the succeeding chapter ]—Am. Ed,