the quotation from Cic., p. Caecina, at the end of § 816. 'AVTIOεTOV, Opposition, requires this symmetry; e. g., Cic., p. Mil., 4, Est igitur haec, judices, non scripta, sed nata lex, quam non didicimus, accepimus, legimus, verum ex natura ipsa arripuimus, hausimus, expressimus, ad quam non docti, sed facti,non instituti, sed imbuti sumus, ut, &c. Of a similar nature is ȧvtiμetaboλý, commutatio, where the opposition is expressed by an inverted order of the proposition; e. g., ad Her., iv., 28, Quia stultus es, ea re taces, non tamen quia taces, ea re stultus es; si poëma loquens pictura est, pictura tacitum poëma debet esse. If not the whole clause is inverted, this figure is called énávodoç, regressio; e. g., Cic., Brut., 39, ut eloquentium juris peritissimus Crassus, juris peritorum eloquentissimus Scaevola haberetur. Lastly, kλīpaš, gradatio; i. e., gradation, at the same time repeating the preceding word; e. g., ad Her., iv., 25, Imperium Graeciae fuit penes Athienienses, Atheniensium potiti sunt Spartiatae, Spartiatas superavere Thebani, Thebanos Macedones vicerunt, qui ad imperium Graeciae brevi tempore adjunxerunt Asiam bello subactam. [§ 823.] The following arise from suppression: áπoσιúπηois, an intentional breaking off in the middle of a speech; e. g., Cic., p. Mil., 12, De nostro enim omnium-non audeo totum dicere. Videte quid ea vitii lex habitura fuerit, cujus periculosa etiam reprehensio est, and the well-known passage of Virgil (Aen., i., 135), Quos ego-sed motos praestat componere fluctus. 'Aovvdeтov, dissolutio, the omission of the copulative conjunctions; e. g., Cic., in Quintilian, ix., 3, 50, Qui indicabantur, eos vocari, custodiri, ad senatum adduci jussi. Correctio, Éπavóp✪woɩç, the correction of an expression just made use of; e. g., Cic., in Cat., i., 1, hic tamen vivit. Vivit? immo vero etiam in senatum venit, comp. atque adeo, § 734. Dubitatio, intentional doubt; to which the figure of an intentional forgetting and recalling to mind may also be added; e. g., ad Her., iv., 29, Tu istud ausus es dicere, homo omnium mortalium—nam quo te digno moribus tuis appellem nomine? [§ 824.] We must leave it to rhetoric to explain the figurae sententiarum: some of them, however, are, at the same time, figurae verborum; as, e. g., the question and the exclamation, which are of very frequent occurrence in Latin. We may also mention the addressing of absent persons or things without life (åπOσTρоþý); e. g., in Cic., p. Mil., 31, Vos enim jam ego, Albani tumuli atque luci, &c.; farther, personification; as, e. g., Cicero in Cat., i., 7, introduces his native country as speaking; hyperbole, irony, simile, sentence, &c., whose manifold use must be learned from the writings of the best authors, with which we strongly advise the student to combine the study of the eighth and ninth books of Quintilian's Institutio Oratoria, and the excellent fourth book of the Author ad Herennium among Cicero's rhetorical writings. [§ 825.] We add, in conclusion, as an example for imitation, a very simple proposition, transformed according to the several figures mentioned above. The theme or subject is this, litteris delector. Geminatio. Litterae, litterae, inquam, solae me delectant. Repetitio. Litterae me puerum aluerunt, litterae me juvenem ab infamia libidinum servarunt, litterae virum in rep. administranda adjuverunt, litterae senectutis imbecillitatem consolabuntur. Conversio. Litterae honestissima voluptate oblectant, rerum novarum inventione oblectant, immortalitatis spe certissima oblectant. Complexio. Qui litteris delectatur, qui vero inveniendo delectatur, qui doctrina propaganda delectatur, eum vos malum esse civem putatis? Traductio. Quid vis? Tune litteris delectaris, qui litteraram fundamenta odisti? Polysyndeton. Litterae et erudiunt et ornant et oblectant et consolantur. Paronomasia. Qui possim ego litteris carere, sine quibus vitam ipsam agerem invitus? Ομοιόπτωτον, ὁμοιοτέλευτον. Num putas fieri posse, ut, qui litterarum studiis teneatur, libidinum vinculis obstringatur? 'AVTÍOETOV. Qui litteris delectari te dicis, voluptatibus implicari te pateris? 'Avтiueтabоλý. Non quia delector, studeo litteris: sed quia studeo, delector. Gradatio. Studia mihi litterarum doctrinam, doctrina gloriam, gloria invidiam et obtrectationem comparavit. Aposiopesis. Quid? Tu audes hoc mihi objicere, qui nihil unquam invita expetierim nisi virtutem et doctrinam: tu quid expetieris-sed taceo, ne convicium tibi fecisse videar. Aovvderov. Quid dicam de utilitate litterarum? Erudiunt, ornant, oblectant, consolantur. Correctio. Litterae me delectant: quid dico delectant? Immo consolantur, ut unicum mihi perfugium praebent inter has vitae laboriosae molestias. Dubitatio. Litterae me sive erudiunt, sive oblectant, sive consolantur: nam quid potissimum dicam nescio. APPENDIX I. OF METRE; ESPECIALLY WITH REGARD TO THE LATIN POETS. [§ 826.] 1. THE words of a language consist of long and short syllables. In measuring syllables, the time consumed in pronouncing a short syllable is taken as a standard, and this portion of time is called mora. A long syllable takes two morae, and is therefore, in this respect, equal to two short syllables. Which syllables, in the Latin language, are considered short, and which long, has been shown in Chap. III. From the combination of syllables of a certain quantity arise what are called Feet (pedes), of which there are four of two syllables, eight of three syllables, sixteen of four syllables, thirty-two of five syllables, &c., since the respective number of syllables admits of so many variations. For the sake of brevity, specific names have been given to those feet which consist of two, three, and four syllables, as well as to some of five : (a) of two syllables: Pyrrhichius; bone, pater, lege. Spondeus; audax, constans, virtus. Iambus; potens, patres, legunt. Trochaeus, or Choreus; laetus, fortis, gaudet. (b) of three syllables: Tribrachys; domine, dubius, legere. Amphimacer, Creticus; fecerant, legerant, cogitans. (c) Of four syllables: Proceleusmaticus; celeriter, memoria, relegere. runt. Y Y ( ICCI CCII CCCICI ICICCCIC CIC Ionicus a minori; adolescens, generosi, adamari. Diïambus; amoenitas, renuntians, supervenis. tantes. secundus; administrans, imperatrix, comprobavi. tiens. tertius; auctoritas, intelligens, dissen quartus; assentator, infinitus, naturalis. [§ 827.] 2. These feet are, as it were, the material of which prose and verse are equally composed: but while in prose the sequence and alternation of long and short syllables is not particularly attended to, and only on certain occasions, ancient poetry, so far as the outward form is concerned, consists entirely in the adaptation of words, by the arrangement of long and short syllables, to the reception of the Rhythm. Rhythm, in this respect, is the uniformity of the duration of time, in the raising and sinking of the voice, or Arsis and Thesis. We raise and sink the voice also in common discourse, but not at definite intervals, nor with a regular return. In these intervals, or in the proportion of the duration of the Arsis to the duration of the Thesis, consists the difference of the Rhythm. The Arsis is either equal to the Thesis, or twice as long, as will be seen in the difference of the two feet, the Dactyl and the Trochee, and, the Arsis (marked thus) being combined with the long syllable. The same proportion takes place when the Thesis precedes the Arsis in the Anapaest and Iambusand The first species, in which the Arsis forms the beginning, is called the descending Rhythm; the other, in which the Thesis forms the beginning, the ascending. From these simple rhythms, the artificial are composed, by the combination of two simple series and the suppres |