411. ad lumina: i. e., by the light of the fire. 413. educere: of the two words educĕre and educāre, the former properly refers, as here, to physical nurture, the latter to mental training, though the distinction is not uniformly observed. 408-13. On this passage, cf. for the general spirit, as well as for details, the description of the 'virtuous woman' in Proverbs, XXXI. 10-31. 414. haud secus: as if veluti cum had preceded. The active energy of the thrifty housewife, which at v. 408 was introduced merely as a means of defining with greater precision the time of Vulcan's rising from his couch, is here made the basis of a formal comparison. The point of the comparison is the alacrity with which physical ease and comfort are relinquished at the call of duty. 416-7. Aeoliam Liparen: Lipare or Lipara, the modern Lipari, is one of the Aeolian islands off the northern coast of Sicily. It was supposed by the ancients to be the island assigned by Homer to King Aeolus, the custodian of the winds. Cf. I. 50 ff. The particular island beneath which the forges of the Cyclopes were set up seems to be left purposely without a name by the poet. Later (v. 422) he gives it the general designation Volcania nomine tellus; and, as Hiera, which is a small island lying to the south of Lipara, was called by the Romans Volcani insula, it has been generally assumed that Vergil had Hiera in mind. = 417. erigitur surgit with the added notion that the island is rocky. 418-9. specus: the main cave; antra: recesses within the cave carved out of the solid rock to receive the forges of the Cyclopes. caminis, dat., = ad usum caminorum. Others take caminis as an ablative of means with exesa, and consider that the antra are represented as hollowed out by the action of fire: how forges could be set up and fires kindled on them before the antra existed, they do not explain. 419. Aetnaea: like those of Aetna, i. e., vomiting fire and smoke. incudibus: loc. abl. 421. stricturae Chalybum: masses of iron like those wrought by the Chalybes. The Chalybes were a people of Pontus famous as miners and workers in iron. anhelat: the panting sound is produced by successive blasts of air driven through the fuel by the bellows. 417-21. The smoking rocks, the roaring caverns, the ponderous blows on the anvils, the hissing metal, and the panting flames combine to give a vivid and spirited picture of the subterranean workshop of the giant Cyclopes. 425. Brontes (ẞpovтý, 'thunder'), 'Forger of Thunder'; Steropes (σTEроT, 'lightning'), 'Forger of Lightning'; Pyracmon (πûp, 'fire'; ǎкμшv, anvil'), 'Hot Anvil,' and so 'Incessant Hammerer.' The third Cyclop is called "Apyns, 'White-hot,' by Hesiod (Theog. 140). Brontesque: cf. VII. 186: spicula que clipe|i. = 426. his manibus horum manibus. Cf. III. 505: ea cura = cura eius rei. manibus is an abl. of means and is to be construed with informatum. parte polita is an abl. abs., but has the effect of an abl. of description limiting fulmen. The same thought might have been expressed by parte politum. 427. erat, there was, is to be taken separately, and not with informatum to form a pluperfect. quae: plurima, instead of fulmen, here determines the number of the relative. For a similar example in prose, see passage cited in foot-note. 428. pars imperfecta manebat: iam parte polita (v. 426) would lead us to expect here parte adhuc imperfecta; but the change of construction gives a smoother line. imbris torti: congealed rain, i. e., hail. 429-30. The thunderbolt is here represented as formed of the materials which enter into a storm and the phenomena which accompany it: hail, rain, fire, and wind. Cf. Ps. CXLVIII. 8: "Fire and hail; snow and vapors; stormy wind fulfilling His word." For the 'rays' of the thunderbolt, see the decoration of the annexed shields (scutum). 431-2. Cf. the tense of miscebant with that of addiderant (v. 430). They had already fashioned the component parts of the bolt, and were now imparting to it its deadly Fig. 5. powers. Fulgores sonitumque: with these physical manifestations are associated the fear (metum) which they inspire and the wrath (iras) which they betoken. flammis: abl. of description limiting iras. 433. For currus see annexed cut. Fig. 6. 435-8. This description conforms closely in its leading features to several antique representations of Athena which have survived to our time, e. g., the 'Pallas Giustiniani.' In the works of the later Greek artists the aegis appears, as here, not as a shield worn on the arm, but as a breastplate. It is covered with scales (squamis), fringed with serpents (anguis), and armed in front (in pectore) with the severed head of the Gorgon Medusa. See a photograph of the Pallas Giustiniani.' Servius understands by anguis the snaky tresses of the Gorgon. aegida squamis polibant (lit., they were polishing the aegis by means of the scales) is a condensed way of saying that they were making the aegis bright by polishing the scales. 436. squamis auroque, golden scales, illustrates 'hendiadys.' Fig. 7. 445. sortiti is a participle, not a verb (cf. passage cited in footnote), and -que connects pariter laborem sortiti with omnes. auri: appositive genitive w. metallum. 447. unum omnia: note how the juxtaposition of these words heightens the antithesis. Cf. III. 435 pro omnibus unum. For 'clipeus' see annexed cut. the seven plates can no longer be distinguished as separate layers. 449-53. These lines are repeated almost exactly from G. IV. 171-75. 451. aera: the plural has reference to the several plates composing the shield. lacu: the trough or tank of water in which the heated metal was plunged. impositis incudibus: beneath the weight of the anvils (lit., the anvils being placed on [the blocks]). 452. Note the measured movement produced by the spondees in this verse and described in the phrase in numerum, v. 453. 454-519. At daybreak Evander holds a conference with Aeneas. After apologizing for the insufficiency of his own resources, he offers to procure an alliance with the Etruscans. The latter, having risen in revolt against their tyrannical king Mezentius and forced him to flee, are now ready to march against Turnus, with whom the banished tyrant has taken refuge. They have been warned, however, by the gods that their expedition will end in failure unless they place themselves under the leadership of a foreigner, and in obedience to the warning have invited Evander to become their leader. But Evander is too old and his son Pallas too young to assume the leadership in such an undertaking. Aeneas is the leader whom the fates design for the emergency; and, if he will accept the command of the allied forces, Evander will furnish a cavalry contingent and will allow his son Pallas to serve under so distinguished a leader. 454. Lemnius: according to the Homeric story (Il. I. 590-4), Hephaestus, when hurled from Olympus by Zeus, fell on the island of Lemnos and was tenderly cared for by the inhabitants. The god was held in especial honor there, and Lemnos was his favorite resort (see Od. VIII. 283-4). 456. sub culmine shows that volucrum cantus refers to the twittering of the swallows. 457. inducitur is here used as a deponent verb, or like the Greek middle voice, and takes a direct obj. in the acc. (artus) and an instrumental abl. (tunica). The prose construction would be: tunicam inducit artubus. 458. Tyrrhena vincula: the Tuscan sandals had wooden soles and were bound to the foot by gilt fastenings. According to Servius, similar sandals were worn first by the Roman senators, afterwards by the knights. Perhaps Vergil intended here to dignify this feature of the senatorial costume by tracing it to a remote antiquity. 459. lateri atque umeris: Evander, like the Homeric heroes, wears his sword at the left side suspended by a strap which passes over the right shoulder. The panther-skin, which hangs from the left shoulder, is thrown back so as to leave the left hip exposed and the sword-hilt convenient for grasping. Cf. the picture of Aventinus VII. 656-9. Tegeaeum: Why is a sword of Tegean workmanship appropriate to Evander? 461. gemini custodes: this picture of Evander will remind the modern reader of Sir Walter Scott or Bismarck. limine ab alto: does this seem consistent with humili tecto, v. 455? 463. et secreta is added to define sedem more closely. Aeneas has spent the night in one of the chambers opening on the inner court of Evander's house. Evander now seeks a private interview with him. 464. sermonum et promissi muneris: cf. vv. 170–1. 466. huic . . . illi: the usual application of these pronouns is here, as in v. 358, reversed; Evander, as the person prominent in the thought of the writer, being represented by huic, and Aeneas, though mentioned last, by illi. 467-8. mediis aedibus: i. e., in the inner court, which was open to the sky; so that, as Aeneas and Evander sat here, they beheld caeli in regione serena the apparition described later (vv. 524-36). 468. licito sermone: free interchange of thought. festival of the preceding day had not permitted this. 469. See note on v. 41. The sacred 471. res: material resources; regna, supremacy, i. e., lordship over subject states. The future position of Rome among the nations of the ancient world is here foreshadowed. 472. nobis: in disparaging contrast with maxime Teucrorum ductor, v. 470. pro nomine tanto: compared with the great prestige of your name. Heyne, Forbiger, and Conington explain this phrase, however, as equivalent to pro fama quae te ad nos adduxit, in support of which interpretation Forbiger cites Aeneas's reference to Evander's fame contained in v. 132: tua terris didita fama. exiguae vires refers not to the physical feebleness of Evander, but to the slender resources of his kingdom. Accordingly, vv. 518-9, he can offer only four hundred horsemen as his contribution to Aeneas's force. 475. tibi ego: note that the contrast already brought out in nomine tanto and exiguae vires is further heightened by the juxtaposition of these pronouns. ingentis populos: Etruria consisted of |