Energy Flow in Biology: Biological Organization as a Problem in Thermal Physics

amino acids Ammonium analysis atomic composition average biochemical biochemistry biological systems biomass biosphere Boltzmann Boltzmann equation bond energy calculation canonical ensemble carbon Chapter Chem chemical potential CHNO compounds concentration consider constant covalent bonds cycle detailed discussed distribution ecology electronic energy flow enthalpy entropy change equation equilibrium ensemble equilibrium system flow of energy flux function Gibbs free energy H. J. Morowitz H₂O heat of formation Helmholtz free energy Hydrazine Hydrogen intermediate system isothermal reservoir kcal/gm kinetic temperature Knudsen barrier living cell living systems macroscopic material measure Methyl microstate model system mole molecular molecules monomer nitrogen nonequilibrium system organisms oxide perfect gas phosphate photons PL max possible prebiological principle probability problem processes protein quantity radiation reaction second law sink solar solution species statistical mechanics structure Sulfur sulfuric acid synthesis T₁ T₂ Table theory thermodynamics trophic level ubiquitous York zero