pius virtutem1 erat. Nam gloriam, honorem, imperium, bonus, ignavus, æque sibi exoptant: sed ille vera via2 nititur; huic quia bonæ artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis contendit. Avaritia pecuniæ studium habet3, quam nemo sapiens concupivit: ea, quasi venenis malis imbuta, corpus animumque virilem effeminat: semper infinita, insatiabilis est, neque copia, neque inopia, minuitur. Sed, postquam L. Sulla, armis recepta republica", ex bonis initiis malos eventus habuit; rapere omnes, trahere, domum alius, alius agros cupere; neque modum, neque modestiam victores habere, fœda crudeliaque in civibus facinora facere. Huc accedebat, quod L. Sulla exerci

1 Propius virtutem, nearer to virtue." Comp. Jugur. 18. propius mare Africum. 19. proxime Hispaniam. Liv. ii. 48. proxime formam latrocinii.

2 Vera via, "genuine," "honest;" opposed to dolis atque fallaciis. Comp. Cic. Philipp. i. 14. vereor ne ignorans verum iter gloriæ. Vera via is also i. q. recta, opposed to prava, "crooked." Sall. de Rep. Ordin. animus ferox prava via ingressus.

3 Avaritia pecuniæ studium habet, "avarice implies a devoted pursuit of money." For the force of habet, beyond the simple est, comp. Cic. in Catil. iv. 4. habere videtur ista res iniquitatem, "seems to smack of injustice;" de Off. iii. 2. alterum potest habere dubitationem, "may admit of doubt."

4 Neque copia neque inopia, "avarice is assuaged neither by wealth nor

want;" i. e. "the desire of money which is inflamed by want is not less inflamed even by its acquisition."

5 Armis recepta republ., "when he had recovered possession of the government by force of arms." Comp. Cic. pro Sex. Rosc. 45., speaking of Sulla, imperii majestatem quam armis receperat. Sulla pretended to wrest the government from an usurping faction. His first professions were studiously mild. Comp. Vell. ii. 25. putetis Sullam venisse in Italiam non belli vindicem sed pacis auctorem ; tanta cum quiete exercitum per Calabriam Apuliamque cum singulari cura frugum, agrorum, hominum, urbium perduxit. Cic. de Off. ii. 8. in illo secuta est honestam causam non honesta victoria.

6 In civibus, "in regard to the citizens." Comp. note on ch. 9. in amicis.

tum, quem in Asia ductaverat, quo sibi fidum faceret, contra morem majorum, luxuriose nimisque liberaliter habuerat1; loca amona, voluptaria, facile in otio feroces militum animos molliverant. Ibi primam insuevit exercitus populi Romani amare, potare 2; signa, tabulas pictas, vasa cælata mirari; ea privatim ac publice3 rapere; delubra1 spoliare; sacra profanaque omnia polluere. Igitur hi milites, postquam victoriam adepti sunt, nihil reliqui victis fecere5. Quippe secundæ res sapientium animos fatigant: ne illi, corruptis moribus, victoriæ temperarent.

XII. Postquam divitiæ honori cœpere, et eas gloria, imperium, potentia, sequebatur; hebescere9

1 Habuerat, "had treated." Habere aliquem bene, male liberaliter, etc. i. q. tractare. Comp. Jugur. 103. Liv. xxix. 8; xxxvii. 34; xxxix. 1.

2 Amare, potare. A jingling expression, equivalent to the English, "to indulge in wine and women.' Comp. Jugur. 85. quin ergo ament, potent. Potare has a frequentative sense, "to drink freely."

3 Privatim ac publice, "whether they were private or public property."

4 Delubra, "shrines," in which votive offerings were dedicated. To rob a temple might imply only stripping it of its furniture or materials; but to rob a shrine is to carry off what has been peculiarly consecrated to the deity. Varro's derivation of the word is among the most probable: sicut locum in quo figerent candelam candelabrum appellarunt, ita in quo deum ponerent nominarunt

delubrum.

5 Nihil reliqui victis fecere, "left nothing to the conquered:" the construction, i. q. facere aliquid esse earum rerum quæ relinquuntur. The construction is similar in the phrases, lucri, compendi, æqui, boni facere.

6 Animos fatigant, "shake their principles."

7 Ne, in the sense of nedum, which is given in many MSS., and is cited here by Priscian, "much less."

Ne illi...temperarent, "much less could they, the Roman soldiers, with their corrupt habits, be expected to refrain from abusing their victory." Comp. Tac. Hist. iii. 31. qui semper Bedriaci victoriæ temperassent; i. e. victoria moderare usi fuissent.

9 Hebescere," the brilliancy of virtue grew dim." Comp. Sall. de Rep. Ordin. ii. 6. postquam divitiæ claræ haberi.

virtus, paupertas probro haberi, innocentia pro malivolentia duci1 cœpit. Igitur, ex divitiis, juventutem luxuria atque avaritia, cum superbia, invasere: rapere, consumere; sua parvi pendere, aliena cupere; pudorem, pudicitiam3, divina atque humana promiscua, nihil pensi neque moderati1 habere. Operæ pretium est, quum domos atque villas cognoveris in urbium modum exædificatas, visere templa deorum, quæ nostri majores, religiosissimi mortales, fecere. Verum illi5 delubra deorum pietate, domos suas gloria decorabant; neque victis quidquam, præter injuriæ licentiam, eripiebant. At hi contra, igħavissimi homines, per summum scelus omnia ea sociis adimere, quæ fortissimi viri victores reliquerant: proinde quasi injuriam facere, id demum esset imperio uti.

XIII. Nam quid ea memorem, quæ, nisi his qui videre, nemini credibilia sunt: a privatis compluribus

1 Pro malivolentia duci, “was reputed to be envy or spite towards the rich and successful."

2 Ex divitiis. The prep. indicates the cause or origin. Catil. 14. uti cujusque studium ex ætate flagrabat. Jugur. 32. timido et ex conscientia diffidenti.

3 Pudorem, pudicitiam, "modest principles," "personal chastity."

4 Pensi...moderati, "weighed and measured," "considered and regulated."

5 Verum illi, "but the ancients indeed;" with emphasis: verum is not opposed to the preceding words, but to the inference understood. Supply, "You will then see how great is the

difference," i. e. between the temples of ancient days and modern mansions.

6 Injuriæ licentiam, "licence to oppress their own neighbours." The Romans excused their own aggressions on the plea of defending weaker nations against the tyranny of their neighbours. Comp. Rutilius, i. 64. Profuit injustis te dominante capi.

7 Sociis; hostibus. The same opposition expressed in different words by Cicero, in Verr. iv. honestius est reipublicæ...imperatorem ea in bello reliquisse, quam prætorem in pace abstulisse.

8 Proinde quasi, "exactly as if," Ruhnken, on Ter. Heaut. i. 1. 13.

subversos montes, maria constructa esse: quibus mihi videntur ludibrio fuisse divitiæ; quippe, quas honeste habere licebat, abuti per turpidinem pro

A

perabant. Sed lubido ganeæ, ceterique cultus3, non minor incesserat : .... vescendi caussa, terra marique omnia exquirere3; domire prius, quam somni cupido esset; non famem, aut sitim, neque frigus, neque lassitudinem opperiri, sed ea omnia luxu antecapere. Hæc juventutem, ubi familiares opes defecerant, ad facinora incendebant. Animus imbutus malis artibus haud facile lubidinibus carebat: eo profusius omnibus modis quæstui atque sumptui deditus erat.

1 Subversos montes, maria constructa. Mountains overthrown (excavated) to make seas (lakes or fishponds). This refers particularly to Lucullus, into whose fish-ponds at Bauli sea-water was admitted by a dyke cut through a hill. Pompey called him the Xerxes togatus. Vel. ii. 33. Comp. Macrob. Saturn. i. 11. Pliny, Hist. Nat. ix. 54. Lucullus exciso monte euripum et maria admisit. Varro, de Re Rust. iii. 17. Pliny, Hist. Nat. xxxvi. 15.

2 Quas...abuti, scil. iis. Comp. Cic. ad Div. ii. 3. quæ...facultas data erit utemur, scil. ea. Jugur. 54. universos ...laudat atque agit gratias, scil. iis.

3 Cultus, "refinement," in either a good or a bad sense; as Horace, Sat. ii. 2. 65. Mundus erit qui non offendat sordidus atque in neutram partem cultus miser. Liv. xxix. 21. de cultu ac desidia imperatoris.

4 In propatulo, "had no reserve about:" propatulum, open on all

.

sides:" in propatulo ædium, "in the open court of a house."

5 Terra marique omnia exquirere. Imitated by Lucan, iv. 375. quæsitorum terra pelagoque ciborum Ambitiosa fames. See Aul. Gellius, vii. 16, about the foreign luxuries of the Roman table; and Seneca, Ep. 89. Compare also for the general scope of the passage, Lucan. i. 163:

Non auro tectisve modus, mensasque priores

Aspernata fames; cultus gestare de

coros

Vix nuribus rapuere mares: fœcunda vivorum

Paupertas fugitur, totoque accersitur orbe,

Quo gens quæque perit, etc.

6 Luxu antecapere, "to anticipate with voluptuous indulgence."

7 Haud facile carebat, "could not easily control or forego the gratification of its appetites;" therefore, "could not be free from them." ca

XIV. In tanta tamque corrupta civitate, Catilina, id quod factu facillimum erat, omnium flagitiorum atque facinorum1 circum se, tanquam stipatorum2, catervas habebat. Nam, quicumque impudicus3, adulter, ganeo, .... bona patria laceraverat ; quique alienum æs grande conflaverat, quo flagitium aut facinus redimeret; præterea, omnes undique1 parricidæ, sacrilegi, convicti judiciis, aut pro factis judicium timentes; ad hoc, quos manus atque lingua perjurio aut sanguine civili alebat; postremo, omnes quos flagitium, egestas, conscius animus exagitabat; ii Catilinæ proximi familiaresque erant. Quod si quis etiam a culpa vacuus in amicitiam ejus inciderat, quotidiano usu atque illecebris facile par similisque ceteris efficiebatur. Sed maxime adolescentium fami

quis circumscriptor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quæ mulier infa mis, quis corruptor juventutis, quis corruptus, quis perditus inveniri po test, qui se cum Catilina non familiarissimè vixisse fateatur? Comp. Plutarch, in Vit. Ciceronis, c. 10.

4 Omnes undique. A poetical repetition, as Virg. Æn. ii. 498: quos omnes undique Graiæ Circum errant acies.

5 Catilinæ gen. cas. governed by proximi, "the nearest and most intimate friends of Catilina." Comp. Jugur. 80: regis Bocchi proximos.

6 Incidere, "to fall into," used generally, as the English, in a bad sense. We say, "to fall into bad habits," not "into good habits."