spe pacis amiserat, reficere, aut commercari: servitia Romanorum adlicere, et eos ipsos, qui in præsidiis erant, pecunia tentare: prorsus nihil intactum neque quietum pati: cuncta agitare. Igitur Vagenses', quo2 Metellus initio, Jugurtha pacificante, præsidium imposuerat, fatigati regis suppliciis, neque antea voluntate alienati3, principes civitatis inter se conjurant: nam vulgus, uti plerumque solet, et maxime Numidarum, ingenio mobili, seditiosum atque discordiosum erat, cupidum novarum rerum, quieti et otio adversum. Dein, compositis inter se rebus, in diem tertium constituunt, quod is, festus celebratusque per omnem Africam, ludum et lasciviam magis, quam formidinem, ostentabat. Sed, ubi tempus fuit, centuriones tribunosque militares, et ipsum præfectum oppidi, T. Turpilium Silanum, alius alium, domos suas invitant: eos omnes, præter Turpilium, inter epulas obtruncant: postea milites, palantes, inermes, quippe in tali die ac sine imperio, adgrediuntur. Idem plebes facit, pars edocti ab nobilitate, alii studio talium re

1 Vagenses: the nomin. absol.

2 Quo: adverb. loci: i. q. quibus. 3 Neque antea voluntate alienati, "and who before had not abandoned him of their own accord."

4 Discordiosum, "full of contention:" the termination in osus is emphatic. Gellius, iv. 9. cites the learned Nigidius Figulus: hoc inquit, inclinamentum semper hujuscemodi verborum, ut vinosus, mulierosus, religiosus, nummosus, signat copiam quandam

6

immodicam rei super qua dicitur.

5 Constituunt, "make an appointment:" so constituere cum aliquo, or alicui. Terent. Hec. i. 2. 121. nam constitui cum quodam hospite me illium esse conventurum. Juvenal, iii. 12. Hic ubi nocturnæ Numa constituebat amicæ.

6 Ludum et lasciviam, 66 sports and recreations:" lascivia from laxus signifies, relaxation of mind or body.

rum incitati, queis acta consiliumque ignorantibus, tumultus ipse et res novæ satis placebant.

LXVII. Romani milites, improviso metu incerti ignarique quid potissimum facerent, trepidare; ad arcem oppidi, ubi signa et scuta erant, præsidium hostium; portæ ante clausæ fugam prohibebant; ad hoc mulieres puerique pro tectis2 ædificiorum saxa, et alia, quæ locus præbebat, certatim mittere. Ita neque caveri anceps malum3, neque a fortissimis infirmissimo generi resisti posse: juxta boni malique, strenui et imbelles, inulti obtruncati. In ea tanta asperitate, sævissimis Numidis et oppido undique clauso, Turpilius præfectus unus ex omnibus Italicis profugit intactus: id misericordiane hospitis, an pactione aut casu, ita evenerit, parum comperimus; nisi, quia illi in tanto malo turpis vita fama integra potior, improbus intestabilisque videtur.

LXVIII. Metellus, postquam de rebus Vagæ actis comperit, paullisper mæstus e conspectu abit; deinde, ubi ira et ægritudo permixta sunt, cum maxima cura ultum ire injurias festinat. Legionem, cum qua hiem

1 Tumultus ipse, i. e. per se, "disturbance for its own sake."

2 Pro tectis, "from the very edge of the roof."

3 Anceps malum, "the double danger," from the women and children, as well as from the men.

4 Nisi...videtur, "except that (i.e. I only know that) he seems, etc."

5 Intestabilis, "accursed," properly, one who for his crimes is forbidden by

law to make or witness a will. Ulpian, Dig. xxviii. i. 18. Si quis ob carmen famosum damnetur, senatus consulto expressum est, ut intestabilis sit, ergo nec testamentum facere poterit, nec ad testamentum adhiberi testis.

6 Paullisper......abit, "withdraws for a short time in vexation."

7 Ira et ægritudo permixta, "when his vexation began to give place to resentment."

abat, et, quam plurimos potest, Numidas equites pariter cum occasu solis expeditos educit: et postera die circiter horam tertiam pervenit in quamdam planitiem, locis paullo superioribus circumventam. Ibi milites, fessos itineris magnitudine, et jam abnuentes1 omnia, docet, "oppidum Vagam non amplius mille passuum2 abesse: decere illos reliquum laborem æquo animo pati, dum pro civibus suis, viris fortissimis atque miserrimis, pœnas' caperent;" præterea prædam benigne ostentat3. Sic animis eorum arrectis, equites in primo late, pedites quam arctissime ire et signa occultare, jubet.

LXIX. Vagenses ubi animum advertere, ad se versum exercitum pergere, primo, uti erat res, Metellum rati, portas clausere; deinde, ubi neque agros vastari, et eos, qui primi aderant, Numidas equites vident, rursum Jugurtham arbitrati, cum magno gaudio obvii procedunt. Equites peditesque, repente signo dato, alii vulgum effusum oppido cædere; alii ad portas festinare; pars turres capere: ira atque prædæ spes amplius, quam lassitudo, posse'. Ita Vagenses

biduum modo ex perfidia1 lætati: civitas magna et opulens pœnæ cuncta, aut prædæ, fuit?. Turpilius, quem, præfectum oppidi, unum ex omnibus profugisse supra ostendimus, jussus a Metello caussam dicere, postquam sese parum expurgat, condemnatus verberatusque, capite pœnas solvit3: nam is civis ex Latio erat1.

LXX. Per idem tempus Bomilcar, cujus impulsu Jugurtha deditionem, quam metu deseruit, inceperat, suspectus regi, et ipse eum suspiciens, novas res cupere; ad perniciem ejus dolum quærere; diu noctuque fatigare animum: denique, omnia tentando, socium sibi adjungit Nabdalsam, hominem nobilem, magnis opibus, carum acceptumque popularibus suis; qui plerumque seorsum ab rege exercitum ductare, et

1 Ex perfidia, "since the day of their treachery." For this sense of ex, see above, c. 36.

was

2 Pana...aut prædæ fuit, subjected to punishment, i. e. massacre, or plunder." Pœna esse could hardly be admissible by itself, but the meaning is understood from prædæ esse.

3 Capite pœnas solvit, "is executed."

4 Nam is ex Latio civis erat, "for he was a Latin citizen," i. e. only had the Latin franchise. By the lex Porcia a genuine Roman citizen might not be beaten with rods. This exemption had been extended to the Latins by a lex of M. Livius Drusus, A.u. 632, Plut. C. Gracch. 9, but seems to have been disregarded. The story of Turpilius is told somewhat differently by Plutarch, Mar. 8. According to

this writer the charge against him was false, and got up by Marius, who instigated Metellus to put him to death to gratify his own malice against the imperator, whose retainer Turpilius had been.

5 Suspiciens, i. q. suspectans, “suspecting." The word is not used elsewhere in this sense, except in the pass. part.; but this sense is more easily attributed to it here because suspectus immediately precedes.

6 Omnia tentando. This is to be distinguished from omnia tentans, "in the course of trying every thing," and from omnibus tentatis, "after every thing had been tried." It implies that what follows, socium sibi adjungit N., was a result of his trying various schemes.

omnes res exsequi solitus erat, quæ Jugurtha fesso, aut majoribus adstricto', superaverant 2: ex quo illi gloria opesque inventæ. Igitur utriusque consilio dies insidiis statuitur: cetera, uti res posceret, ex tempore parari placuit. Nabdalsa ad exercitum profectus, quem inter hiberna Romanorum jussus habebat, ne ager, inultis hostibus, vastaretur. Is postquam, magnitudine facinoris perculsus, ad tempus non venit, metusque rem impediebat; Bomilcar, simul cupidus incepta patrandi, et timore socii anxius, ne, omisso vetere consilio, novum quæreret, litteras ad eum per homines fideles mittit, in queis "mollitiem secordiamque viri accusare: testari deos, per quos juravisset: monere ne præmia Metelli in pestem converteret: Jugurthæ exitium adesse; ceterum suane, an Metelli virtute periret, id modo agitari: proinde reputaret cum animo suo, præmia, an cruciatum, mallet."

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LXXI. Sed, cum hæ litteræ adlatæ, forte Nabdalsa, exercito corpore fessus, in lecto quiescebat, ubi, cognitis Bomilcaris verbis, primo cura, deinde, uti ægrum animum 3 solet, somnus cepit. Erat ei Numida quidam, negotiorum curator, fidus acceptusque, et omnium consiliorum, nisi novissimi, particeps. Qui postquam adlatas litteras audivit, ex consuetudine ratus opera et ingenio suo opus esse, in tabernaculum

1 Majoribus adstricto, “occupied by more important affairs.”

2 Quæ superaverant, i. q. restiterant, superfuerant, "remained over;" or "undone." Comp. A. Gell. i. 22,

on the ancient use of this word. Virgil: captæ superavimus urbi.

3

Egrum animum, "a mind ill at ease, vexed and harassed."