1757. (2.) Often in consecutive sentences: as,

(a.) in prōvinciā Siciliā, quam iste per triennium ita vexāvit, ut ea restitui in antiquum statum nūllō modo possit, V. a. pr. 12, in the province of Sicily, which the defendant so effectually tormented three years running that it cannot be restored at all to its original estate. priōrēs ita rēgnārunt, ut omnes conditōrēs partium certe urbis numerentur, L. 2, 1, 2, such was the administration of the monarchs preceding, that they are all accounted founders of parts at least of Rome. (b.) The perfect subjunctive sometimes represents the time of the perfect definite: as, tantum in aerārium pecūniae invēxit, ut ūnīus imperātōris praeda finem attulerit tribūtōrum, Off. 2, 76, he conveyed such quantities of money into the treasury, that the plun der turned in by a single commander has put an end to tribute for good and all. eō usque sẽ praebēbat patientem atque impigrum, ut eum nēmō umquam in equo sedentem viderit, V. 5, 27, he showed himself so indefatigably active that no human being has ever seen him astride a horse. Sometimes the time of the historical perfect as, temporis tanta fuit exiguitās, ut ad galeas induendās tempus dēfuerit, 2, 21, 5, so scant was the time that they had not time to put their helmets on. hic ita quievit, ut eo tempore omni Neapoli fuerit, Sull. 17, this man held so quiet that he staid all that time at Neapolis. In Cicero a negative subordinate perfect is not uncommon; an affirmative one is very rare. This construction is more common in Nepos, Livy, and Tacitus, and is the prevalent one in Suetonius.

1758. The imperfect only is used in complementary sentences with past verbs of happening, such as accidit, contigit, &c. (1966).

1759. When two consecutive subjunctives are coordinated, they usually have the same tense. Sometimes however the first is perfect and the second imperfect, or the

reverse.

1760. (3) An indirect question in the present or perfect sometimes retains its original tense with a main secondary tense (1744): as,

hic quantum in bellō fortūna possit, cōgnōsci potuit, 6, 35, 2, here there was a chance to see how potent dame Fortune is in war. Here possit represents potest of a general truth (1588); but usually general truths have the regular sequence (1748). cur abstinuerit spectaculo ipse, variē trahēbant, Ta. 1, 76, why the emperor did not go to the show, they accounted for in this way and that, representing cur abstinuit ? quo consiliō redierim initiō audistis, post estis experti, Ph. 10, 8, what my idea was in coming back, you learned first by hearsay, afterwards by personal observation, representing quō consiliō redii?

1761. The subordinate subjunctive has sometimes the sequence of the nearest verb, instead of that of its proper verb: as, curavit, quod semper in rē pūblică tenendum est, nē plūrimum valeant plurimi, RP. 2, 39, he arranged it so. a point which is always to be held fast in government, that the greatest number may not have the greatest power.

TENSE SUBORDINATE TO A SUBJUNCTIVE.

1762. When the leading verb is a subjunctive, the present is regarded as primary, and the imperfect and pluperfect as secondary:

as,

(a.) exspectō eius modi litteras ex quibus non quid fiat, sed quid futurum sit sciam, Att. 5, 12, 2, I am expecting a letter of a kind to let me know not what is going on, but what will be going on. quid profēcerim faciās mē velim certiorem, Fam. 7, 10, 3, how far I have succeeded I wish you would let me know. (b.) quālis esset natūra montis qui cognoscerent misit, 1, 21, 1, he sent some scouts to find out what the character of the mountain was. quid me prohibēret Epicūrēum esse, si probarem quae diceret, Fin. 1, 27, what would prevent me from being an Epicurean, if I accepted what he said? quae si bis bina quot essent didicisset Epicurus, certē nōn diceret, DÑ. 2, 49, Epicurus would certainly not say this, if he had ever been taught how much twice two is (1748).

1763. An imperfect subjunctive of action non-occurrent at the present time has occasionally the present sequence: as, mīrārēris, si interessēs, quā patientia valētūdinem toleret, Plin. Ep. 1, 22, 7, you would be amazed to find, if you were with him, with what dogged endurance he bears up under his illness. But the secondary sequence is far more common.

1764. (1.) The perfect subjunctive in independent main sentences of prohibition (1551) or of action conceivable (1558) is regarded as a primary

tense: as,

nē dubitāris quin id mihî futūrum sit antīquius, Att. 7, 3, 2, don't entertain any doubt that this course will be preferable in my eyes. quid nōn sit citius quam quid sit dixerim, DN. 1, 60, I could sooner tell what is not, than what is.

1765. (2.) In subordinate sentences, the perfect subjunctive has the main sequence when it represents the indicative perfect definite, and the secondary when it represents the indicative historical perfect or the imperfect: as,

(a.) nēmō fere vestrum est, quin, quem ad modum captae sint Syrācūsae saepe audierit, V. 4, 115, there is hardly a man of your number but has heard over and over again how Syracuse was taken. (b) quā rē acciderit ut id suspicārēre quod scribis nescio, Fam. 2, 16, 1, how it came to pass that you suspected what you write, I can't imagine.

TENSE SUBORDINATE TO A NOUN OF THE VERB.

1766. (1.) A subjunctive subordinate to one of the nouns of the verb, except the perfect infinitive or the perfect participle, follows the sequence of the verb: as,

desino quaerere cur emeris, V. 4, 10, I cease to ask why you bought. nēminem tam amentem fore putāvērunt, ut emeret argentum, V. 4, 9, they did not dream anybody would be crazy enough to buy plate. secūri percussi, adeo torpentibus metu qui aderant, ut ne gemitus quidem exaudīrētur, L. 28, 29, 11, they were beheaded, everybody there being so completely paralyzed with fear that not even a groan could be heard. Q. Fabius Pictor Delphos missus est sciscitātum, quibus precibus deōs possent plācāre, L. 22, 57, 5, Fabius Pictor was sent to Delphi to find out by what sort of prayers they could get the ear of the gods. cupido incessit animōs iuvenum sciscitandi ad quem eōrum rēgnum esset ventūrum, L. 1, 56, 10, the youths were possessed with a desire to find out to which one of their number the throne was to fall.

1767. (2.) With a perfect infinitive or perfect participle, the subordinate subjunctive may be in the imperfect or pluperfect, even with a primary leading verb: as,

satis mihi multa verba fēcisse videor, qua rē esset hoc bellum necessarium, IP. 27, I fancy I have said enough to show why this war is unavoidable. hunc isti aiunt, cum taurum immolāvisset, mortuum concidisse, Br. 43, your gentlemen say that this man, after sacrificing a bull, tumbled down dead. viātor bene vestitus causa grassātōri fuisse dicētur cur ab eo spoliārētur, Fat. 34, a well-dressed traveller will be said to have ben a temptation for a footpad to rob him. versābor in re saepe quaesitā, suffrāgia clam an palam ferre melius esset, Leg. 3, 33, I shall be working on a question that has often been put, whether it was better to vote secretly or openly.

1768. The sequence with a perfect infinitive is, however, often primary: as, hic si finem faciam dicendi, satis iūdicī fēcisse videar cur secundum Roscium iudicārī dēbeat, KC. 14, if I should stop speaking here, I should feel I had made it plain enough to the court why a judgement should be rendered for

Roscius.

1769. The secondary sequence is used with memini, remember, even when it has the present infinitive (2220): as, L. Metellum memini ita bonis esse viribus extremo tempore aetatis, ut adulēscentiam non requireret, CM. 30, I can remember Metellus's being so good and strong in the very last part of his life that he did not feel the want of youth.

1770. Sentences with a subjunctive due to another subjunctive or to an infinitive are put as follows:

1771. (1.) Sentences of relative time express contemporaneous, antecedent, and subsequent action like corresponding indicative sentences, with the appropriate sequence: as,

vereor, nē, dum minuere velim labōrem, augeam, Leg. 1, 12, I am afraid that while I wish to make the work less, I may make it more. crocodilos dicunt, cum in terrā partum ēdiderint, obruere ōva, DN. 2, 129, they say that the crocodile, after laying on land, buries her eggs. dicebam quoad metuerēs, omnia te promissurum: simul ac timēre desissēs, similem tē futūrum tui, Ph. 2, 89, I said that as long as you were afraid, you would promise everything; the moment you ceased to fear, you would be just like yourself. constituerunt ea, quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent, comparare, 1, 3, 1, they resolved to get such things ready as were necessary for the march. erat scriptum: nisi domum reverterētur, sẽ capitis eum damnātūrōs, N. 4, 3, 4, it stood written that, if he did not come back home, they would condemn him to death (direct form nisi revertēris, damnābimus). lēgāti vēnērunt, qui sẽ ea, quae imperasset, factūros pollicerentur, 4, 22, 1, some envoys came, to engage to do what he ordered (direct form quae imperāris, faciemus). Veneti confidēbant Rōmānos neque ullam facultātem habēre nāvium, neque eōrum locōrum ubi bellum gestūri essent portūs nōvisse, 3, 19, 6, the Venetans felt assured that the Romans had not any proper supply of ships, and were not acquainted with the ports in the places where they were to fight.

1772. (2.) Sentences with independent time retain the independent time in the subjunctive in primary sequence (1744); in secondary sequence the present becomes imperfect, and the perfect becomes pluperfect: as,

(a.) quamquam opinio est, eum qui multis annis ante hōs fuerit, Pisistratum, multum valuisse dicendō, Br. 27, though there is an impression that the man who lived years and years before these people, Pisistratus, was a very telling orator (direct form, qui fuit, 1738). dicitur, postea quam vēnerit, paucis diebus esse mortuus, Clu. 175, he is said to have died a few days after he came (1739). (b.) cognovit Suēbōs, postea quam pontem fieri comperissent, nuntiōs in omnēs partēs dimisisse, 4, 19, 2, he ascertained that after the Suebans had learned of the building of the bridge, they had sent out messengers in every direction.

THE INDIRECT QUESTION.

1773. The subjunctive is used in indirect questions or exclamations.

Thus, when the direct question, qui scis, how do you know? is subordinated to a main sentence, such as quaero, I ask, the scis becomes sciās: quaero qui sciās, RA. 59, I ask how you know. Questions or exclamations thus subordinated are called Indirect (1723). In English, indirect questions are usually characterized simply by the position of the words, the subject standing before the verb.

1774. The indirect question is one of the commonest of constructions. It depends on verbs or expressions meaning not only ask, but also tell, inform, ascertain, see, hear, know, consider, deliberate, doubt, wonder, fear, &c., &c.

YES OR NO QUESTIONS.

1775. Indirect Yes or No questions are introduced by the same interrogative particles that are used in direct questions (1503). But in indirect questions, num and -ne are used without any essential difference, in the sense of whether, if. nōnne is used thus only by Cicero, and by him only with quaerō: as,

quaeris num disertus sit? Planc. 62, do you ask whether he is a good speaker? quaesivi cognosceretne signum, C. 3, 10, I asked if he recognized the seal. quaerō nōnne tibi faciendum idem sit, Fin. 3, 13, I ask whether you ought not to do the same. vidēte num dubitandum vōbīs sit, IP. 19, consider whether you ought to have any hesitation.

1776. The combinations -ne . . . -ne, and an . . . an, introducing two separate questions, are rare; -ne -ne is mostly confined to poetry. In a few instances such questions can hardly be distinguished from alternatives.

1777. A conditional protasis with sĩ, if, to see if, or si forte, if perchance, sometimes takes the place of an indirect question in expressions or implications of trial, hope, or expectation: as, ībō, visam si domist, T. Hau. 170, I'll go and see if he's at home. Usually with the subjunctive: as, exspectabam. si quid scriberēs, 4tt. 16, 2, 4, I was waiting to see whether you would write anything. circumfunduntur hostes, si quem aditum reperire possent, 6, 37, 4, the enemy came streaming round, to see if they could find any way of getting in.

ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS.

1778. Indirect alternative questions are introduced like direct questions (1519). But when the second member is negative, it has oftener necne than an nōn: as,

hoc quaeramus, vērum sit an falsum, Clu. 124, let us ask this question, whether it is true or false. quaesivi ā Catilinā in conventu fuisset, necne, C. 2, 13, I asked Catiline whether he had been at the meeting or not. permultum interest utrum perturbātiōne animi, an cōnsultō fiat iniūria, Off 1, 27, it makes a vast difference whether wrong be done in heat of passion, or with deliberate intent. quaerō, eum Brūtine similem mālīs an Antōnii, Ph. 10, 5, I ask whether you would rather have him like Brutus or like Antony.

1779. An introductory utrum preceding an alternative question with -ne and an occurs a few times in Plautus and Cicero; utrumne. . an occurs once in Cicero, and twice in Horace and Tacitus each; compare 1522. After utrum, a second alternative is sometimes suppressed, as in the direct question (1523).

1780. -ne in the second member only of an alternative question is rare, and not used by Caesar or Sallust: as, sine sciam captiva māterne sim, L. 2, 40, 5, let me know whether I am a captive or a mother.

1781. (1.) A few times in Plautus and Terence, the second member only of an alternative question is expressed with qui scio an? or qui scis an? equivalent to perhaps: as, qui scis an quae iubeam faciat? T. Eu. 790, perhaps she'll do as I direct. Horace has once qui scis an, AP. 462, in the sense of perhaps, and once quis scit an, 4, 7, 17, in the sense of perhaps not.

1782. (2.) The second member only of an alternative question is often expressed after haud scio an, I don't know but, possibly, perhaps, with nōn, nēmō, nullus, &c., if the sentence is negative: as,

haud scio an fieri possit, V. 3, 162, I don't know but it is possible. Similarly, though not often, with nescio an, haud sciam an, dubitō an, dubitārim an, dubium an, incertum an, &c.: as, eloquentia nescio an habuisset parem neminem. Br. 126, in oratory I fancy he would have had no peer. This use, in which haud sciō an becomes adverbial, and the subjunctive approaches closely that of modest assertion, is principally confined to Cicero. In later Latin, haud sciō an, &c., sometimes has a negative sense, I don't know whether, with ullus, &c.

1783. From Curtius on, an is used quite like num or -ne, in a single indirect question, without implication of alternatives.

1784. Two alternatives are rarely used without any interrogative particles at all: as, velit nōlit scire difficile est. QFr. 3, 8, 4, will he nill he, it is hard to know, i. e. whether he will or not. Compare 1518.

PRONOUN QUESTIONS.

1785. Indirect pronoun questions are introduced by the same pronominal words that are used in direct pronoun questions (1526): as,

vidē

cognoscit, quae gerantur, 5, 48, 2, he ascertains what is going on. tis ut omnes despiciat, RA. 135, you can see how he looks down on everybody. quid agas et ut te oblectes scire cupiō, QFr. 2, 3, 7, I am eager to know how you do and how you are amusing yourself,