ence upon mental development and accurate scholarship. Nearly all of this portion of the Notes has been taken, without material alteration, from Döderlein's Hand-Book of Latin Synonymes. Questions on these extracts have been introduced among the Notes to intimate that they should be learned and recited by the pupil; and to facilitate reviewing, and thereby secure thoroughness here, these questions are repeated throughout the work.

In the preparation of the Notes, my aim has been to do neither too much nor too little; to render such assistance, and such only, as seemed to be necessary to enable the pupil, by the full exercise of his own powers, to master his task. I have not hesitated to translate, where translation was really needed, but have, in general, relied more upon the various other means of elucidating the meaning of the text than upon this. In cases of a free translation of idiomatic expressions, a strictly literal, or more literal, translation is usually added.

The Vocabulary, which has been compiled chiefly from Kaltschmidt's Latin Dictionary, has been prepared with much care, and with special reference to that numerous class of scholars who wish to acquire some knowledge of Latin, but do not intend to go to college. Such are thus enabled to accomplish their object without the necessity of incurring the expense of a lexicon. But the editor is fully of the opinion. that it is better for those who contemplate a more extended classical course, to become early accustomed to the use of a complete lexicon.

In regard to the text, my purpose has been to follow the latest and best recensions: the Caesar is chiefly that of Koch; the Sallust, that of Dietsch; the Cicero, that of the second edition of Orelli. Other excellent editions of these classics have been constantly consulted, and, in some cases, followed. The orthography is, for the most part, that of the editions of Caesar, Sallust, and Cicero from which the text has been chiefly taken. This will account for the want of uniformity in the spelling of a few words.

The thirty-five Letters of Cicero which have been introduced into this volume cover a period of twenty years, commencing with the year succeeding his consulship and ending. with the year of his death. Besides throwing much light upon the Orations and affording to the pupil a pleasing and interesting variety of reading-matter, these Letters reveal more of the heart and true character of Rome's greatest orator, philosopher, and scholar, than any number of his Orations could possibly do. They have been arranged in chronological order, and there has been prefixed to those of each year a brief history in Latin of the principal events of that year. This will aid very much in understanding many of the allusions in the text. I hope this slight departure from the old beaten track may prove acceptable to both teachers and scholars.

In conclusion, I wish to say that very little is claimed on the score of originality. Mine has been the far humbler task to condense and arrange the materials which have been produced by others. I have had constantly before me the various editions of Caesar, Sallust, and Cicero which are in common use in the schools of this country, and, in making the Notes, have drawn freely from these and all other sources within my reach whatever was suited to my purpose. In many instances credit has been given; and it would have been agreeable to my views and feelings always to do this; but it was in some cases very inconvenient, and in others quite impossible. A large portion of the Notes on Cicero's Letters, and all of the Roman history which is placed at the beginning of each of the years covered by these Letters, have been taken without much alteration from a selection of Cicero's Letters by Rev. T. K. Arnold, A. M. Besides my indebtedness in general to those who have preceded me in this department of literary labor, I am under special obligations to the Rev. J. T. Champlin, D. D., President of Waterville College, for many very valuable suggestions.

With this general statement of the plan and design of the

work, and of the sources from which it has been compiled, the editor offers it to the public in the hope that it may meet with a favorable reception, and prove useful in promoting the true interests of sound learning.

PORTLAND, November 3, 1860.

PREFACE

TO THE TWENTY-THIRD EDITION.

It is now nearly ten years since the first edition of this work was issued, and such has been the increasing favor with which it has continued to be received in all parts of the country, that the author has been induced thus early to make a complete and thorough revision of every part.

The grammatical references, which are now extended to include parallel references to Allen's Latin Grammar, have been carefully re-examined, and the errors which have been discovered corrected. It has been thought best, on the whole, to place the references with the Notes, instead of beneath the text as in the former editions. Some will regard this as an improvement; others would prefer to have them where they were before careful observation extended through a series of years has convinced the author, that, all things considered, the best results are obtained when the attention of the pupil during the recitation hour is not diverted from the text by notes of any kind on the same page with it. Grammatical notes are less objectionable than any others; yet the pupil soon learns to associate the figures with the rule, and, if directly under the eye, they, rather than the meaning and construction of the sentence, serve to suggest it. This use of the figures has a tendency at least to prevent the exercise of that independence of thought and judgment which it should always be a primary object of the teacher to cultivate.

The text of the Caesar is that of George Long, M. A., (London, 1859,) who says that he used, and rarely differed

from, that of C. E. Christ. Schneider; that of the Sallust is Dietsch's; that of Cicero's Orations is that of Baiter and Halm; and that of the Letters has been taken from Orelli's second edition. Other excellent texts have been constantly consulted, and in a few cases, where they seemed decidedly preferable, have been followed. In consequence of the recent publication of several good Latin Readers, the Eclogae of former editions have been omitted in this as no longer needed.

The Notes throughout have been to a large extent rewritten, and such alterations and additions have been made as further researches and maturer reflection seemed to require. For many of these I am specially indebted to Long's Commentaries on Caesar, Sallust, and Cicero.

In the arrangement of the Orations the chronological order has been followed. The superior advantages of this order must be obvious to every one; while it is difficult to see anything in favor of the purely arbitrary arrangement which has prevailed time out of mind in the school editions of Cicero's Orations. By this arrangement the Oration for the Manilian Law stands first; and indeed a more suitable one to occupy this place could hardly be found it is less difficult than most of the others, abounds in such historical and personal incidents as are naturally adapted to awaken the interest of the young student, and is especially rich in the variety of its grammatical constructions. It is, hoped, therefore, that this departure from long-established custom may be regarded as an improvement rather than an innovation.

Much labor and care have been spent on the Vocabulary. It contains, unless there are accidental omissions, all the words, including proper names of every kind, which are to be found in the Caesar, the Catiline of Sallust, and the ten Orations and thirty-five Letters of Cicero. The several vocabularies of former editions have been taken as the basis, carefully compared with the best standard authorities, pruned of all superfluous matter, and condensed into one. Inflec