'dedecus esse imperii sui duxerint, eam nos nunc plenam U. C. 537. 'hostium Numidarumque ac Maurorum jam factam videa- A. C. 217. 'mus? Qui modo, Saguntum oppugnari indignando non 'homines tantum, sed foedera et deos, ciebamus, scanden'tem moenia Romanæ coloniæ Hannibalem lenti spectamus. Fumus ex incendiis villarum agrorumque in oculos atque ora venit; strepunt aures clamoribus plorantium 'sociorum, sæpius nos, quam deorum invocantium opem. 'Nos hic pecorum modo per æstivos saltus deviasque calles exercitum ducimus, conditi nubibus silvisque. Si hoc 'modo peragrando cacumina saltusque M. Furius recipere a Gallis urbem voluisset, quo hic novus Camillus, nobis 'dictator unicus in rebus affectis quæsitus, Italiam ab Han'nibale recuperare parat, Gallorum Roma esset: quam vereor, ne, sic cunctantibus nobis, Hannibali ac Poenis 'toties servaverint majores nostri. Sed vir, ac vere Roma'nus, quo die, dictatorem eum ex auctoritate Patrum jussuque populi dictum, Veios allatum est, quum esset satis ' altum Janiculum, ubi sedens prospectaret hostem, descendit in æquum: atque illo ipso die media in urbe, qua 'nunc busta Gallica sunt, et postero die citra Gabios cecidit 'Gallorum legiones. Quid? post multos annos, quum ad 'Furculas Caudinas ab Samnite hoste sub jugum missi sumus, utrum tandem L. Papirius Cursor' juga Samnii 'perlustrando, an Luceriam premendo obsidendoque, et 'lacessendo victorem hostem, depulsum ab Romanis cervi'cibus jugum superbo Samniti imposuit? Modo C. Lutatio quæ alia res, quam celeritas, victoriam dedit? quod postero die, quam hostem vidit, classem gravem com

by an enemy, and appropriated by Moors and Numidians."

3 Saguntum oppugnari indignando.] "In our indignation (resentment) at the assault of Saguntum."

4 Fumus ex incendiis, &c.] The Falernian plain lay immediately to the south of the Massic hills, which overlooked all Campania as far as Mons Tifata.

5 Per estivos saltus deviasque calles.] The first of these adjectives may signify either "sunny," as lying on the southern face of the mountain; or, "shady," i. e. such as one resorts to in summer. "Sunny (or shady) defiles, and unfrequented paths."

6 Conditi.] (Mid. voice,)"hiding ourselves."

7 L. Papirius Cursor.] This general had in the first instance, as

Dictator, fought with and defeated
the Samnites. In the year following,
the Consuls Calvinus and Posthu-
mius sustained the notorious defeat
at the Caudine pass; and, when the
Senate ignored their capitulation,
were surrendered to the Samnites,
at the suggestion of Posthumius
himself. Pontius, the Samnite gene-
ral, refused to accept and set them
at liberty; and the succeeding Con-
suls, Publilius and Papirius, reta-
liated the defeat and the ignominious
ceremony by which it had been sig-
nalized. Fabius, the present Dic-
tator, had taken an active part in
that war, having been Master of
Horse to Papirius; and, subse-
quently, Lieutenant to his own son,
Fabius Gurges.

A: C. 217.

U. C. 537. meatibus impeditam suomet ipsam instrumento atque ap'paratu, oppressit. Stultitia est, sedendo aut votis debel'lari credere posse. Armari copias oportet, deducendas in æquum, ut vir cum viro congrediaris. Audendo atque agendo res Romana crevit, non his segnibus consiliis, quæ 'timidi cauta vocant.' Hæc velut concionanti Minucio circumfundebatur tribunorum equitumque Romanorum multitudo, et ad aures quoque militum dicta ferocia volvebantur: ac, si militaris suffragii res esset, haud dubie ferebant, Minucium Fabio duci prælaturos.

15.

Fabius pariter', in suos haud minus quam in hostes intentus, prius ab illis invictum2 animum præstat. Quanquam probe scit3, non in castris modo suis, sed jam etiam Romæ infamem suam cunctationem esse, obstinatus tamen eodem consiliorum tenore æstatis reliquum extraxit: ut Hannibal, destitutus ab spe summopere petiti certaminis, jam hibernis locum circumspectaret: quia ea regio præsentis erat copiæ, non perpetuæ, arbusta vineæque, et consita omnia magis amoenis, quam necessariis fructibus. Hæc per exploratores relata Fabio. Quum satis sciret, per easdem angustias, quibus intraverat Falernum agrum, rediturum', Calliculam montem et Casilinum occupat modicis præsidiis; quæ urbs, Vulturno flumine dirempta, Falernum ac Campanum agros dividit ipse jugis iisdem exercitum reducit, misso exploratum cum quadringentis equitibus sociorum L. Hostilio Mancino. Qui ex turba juvenum audientium sæpe fero

not perennial plenty-shrubs and vines, and a general plantation of delicacies, rather than of indispensable crops."

5 Per easdem angustias-rediturum.] Hannibal, as stated above, entered this plain through the territory of Alife, where he had first diverged from his intended route (suo itinere), and then through the plains of Cales. This pass (Angustia) lay between

the end of Mons Callicula and Mons Tifata; and if all exit on the north, by the coast, were intercepted, he could only return the same way, or contrive a passage over Callicula, as he eventually succeeded in doing; vid ad Casilinum obsessâ, because the road through Casilinum, along the bank of the Vulturnus, was obstructed.

6 Qui ex turba, &c.] "And he," (nom. to occidit)" having been one of the multitude who habitually listened to the presumptuous harangues of the Master of Horse."

citer concionantem magistrum equitum, progressus primo U. C. 537. exploratoris modo, ut ex tuto specularetur hostem, ubi A. C. 217. vagos passim per vicos Numidas vidit, per occasionem etiam paucos occidit. Extemplo occupatus certamine est animus, excideruntque præcepta dictatoris; qui, quantum tuto posset, progressum prius recipere sese jusserat, quam in conspectum hostium veniret. Numidæ, alii atque alii' occursantes refugientesque, ad castra prope ipsum cum fatigatione equorum atque hominum pertraxere. Inde Carthalo, penes quem summa equestri imperii erat, concitatis equis invectus, quum prius, quam ad conjectum' teli veniret, avertisset hostem, quinque millia ferme continenti cursu secutus est fugientes. Mancinus, postquam nec hostem desistere sequi, nec spem vidit effugiendi esse, cohortatus suos in prælium rediit, omni parte virium impar. Itaque ipse, et delecti equitum, circumventi occiduntur: ceteri effuso rursus cursu Cales primum, inde prope inviis callibus ad dictatorem perfugerunt.

2

Eo forte die Minucius se conjunxerat Fabio, missus ad firmandum præsidio saltum, qui super Tarracinam, in artas coactus fauces, imminet mari, ne, immunito Appia limite, Poenus pervenire in agrum Romanum posset. Conjunctis exercitibus dictator ac magister equitum castra in viam deferunt, qua Hannibal ducturus erat. Duo inde millia hostes aberant. Postero die Poni, quod viæ inter bina castra erat, agmine complevere. Quum Romani sub ipso constitissent vallo, haud dubie æquiore loco successit tamen Poenus cum expeditis equitibus, atque ad lacessendum hostem carptim et procursando recipiendoque sese 7 Occupatus-animus.]"Thoughts were engrossed," &c.

6

8 Excideruntque.] "Were forgotten;" literally, "dropped from his mind." A similar use of oλσθαίνειν supplies an analogy.

9 Alii atque alii.] "In different and successive parties."

1 Quum prius, quam ad conjectum &c.] "After turning the enemy, before he came within javelin range, followed their flight in an unbroken pursuit of nearly five miles."

2 Prope inviis callibus.] "Through almost impenetrable passes."

3 Super Tarracinam, in artas coactus fauces.] This pass, (the Lautula Angustiæ, now Portello,) lay farther up, on the road to Rome, in Latium, and immediately inside the Promontory of Circeii, now Circello. It was probable, that, if Hannibal had any intention of approaching

4

Rome, he would attempt this route,
which was facilitated by the Appian
road, running along the coast down
to Sinuessa, and passing between the
end of Mons Massicus and the sea.
Hence the necessity of guarding
that road. "To prevent his making
his way into the Roman territory,
(which he might effect,) if the line
of the Appian road were left un-
guarded."

4 Equiore loco.] "On more ad-
vantageous ground," sc. for the Ro-
mans, who had kept possession of
the heights, and were apparently
encamped on the southern slope of

the Massic hills.

5 Pœnus cum expeditis equitibus.] Observe the transition in syntax. Poenus taken singly agrees with successit; with the ablative it forms a nom. plural to pugnavere.

6 Carptim.] "At intervals, in

16.

U. C. 537. pugnavere. Restitit suo loco Romana acies. Lenta pugna' A. U. 217. et ex dictatoris magis, quam Hannibalis, fuit voluntate. Ducenti ab Romanis, octingenti hostium cecidere.

17.

Inclusus inde videri Hannibal, via ad Casilinum obsessa: quum Capua et Samnium, et tantum ab tergo divitum sociorum Romanis commeatus subveheret; Poenus contra inter Formiana saxa ac Literni arenas stagnaque perhorrida situ hibernaturus esset'. Nec Hannibalem fefellit, suis se artibus peti. Itaque, quum per Casilinum evadere non posset, petendique montes et jugum Calliculæ superandum esset; necubi Romanus inclusum vallibus agmen aggrederetur, ludibrium oculorum2, specie terribile, ad frustrandum hostem commentus, principio noctis furtim succedere ad montes statuit. Fallacis consilii talis apparatus fuit. Faces undique ex agris collectæ, fascesque virgarum atque arida sarmenta præligantur cornibus boum, quos domitos indomitosque multos inter ceteram agrestem prædam agebat. Ad duo millia ferme boum effecta: Hasdrubalique negotium datum, ut primis tenebris noctis id armentum accensis cornibus ad montes ageret; maxime, si posset, super saltus ab hoste insessos. Primis tenebris silentio mota castra ; boves aliquanto ante signa acti. Ubi ad radices montium viasque angustas ventum est, signum extemplo datur, ut accensis cornibus armenta in adversos concitentur montes5. Et metus ipse relucentis flammæ ex capite, calorque, jam ad vivum, ad imaque cornuum adveniens, velut stimulatos

detail;" literally, "by snatches, in
fits and starts," &c.
7 Lenta pugna.]
"The engage-
ment was slow," (inanimate, cau-
tious.)

8 Inclusus inde videri Hannibal.]
"Now found himself hemmed in;"
i. e. he could neither leave his posi-
tion by the Appian road on the north,
nor through the valley on the east;
and some passage over the hills
to his original position at Alifæ,
must be effected either by force
or address. In fact, the posi-
tion into which Fabius had now
brought Hannibal was precisely simi-
lar to that of the Romans on the
plain of the Thrasymene, between
the lake and the Gualadra hills. The
pass of Tarracina secured the Appian
road, Casilinum closed up the rear.
The Vulturnus, from Casilinum to
the sea, stopped the way to the
south; and the colony of Cales on
the east intercepted the outlet from
the plain by the Latin road.

9 Literni arenas, &c.] Liternum lay farther down on the coast, toward Cumæ and Baiæ. The marshes were those of Minturnæ at the mouth

of the Liris (Garigliano); the same in which Marius afterward concealed himself.

1 Hibernaturus esset.] Depends on quum.

2 Ludibrium oculorum.] "An optical illusion.”

3 Sarmenta.] The prunings of trees, especially of vines.

4 Maximè, si posset.] "And particularly, if possible." It is not mentioned by Livy, that before commencing this movement, Hannibal put 5000 prisoners to death, to prevent their turning upon their guards, and rejoining their countrymen against him.

5 In adversos mountain."

montes.] " Up the

furore agebat boves. Quo repente discursu, haud secus U. C. 537. quam silvis montibusque accensis, omnia circum virgulta A. C. 217. ardere: capitumque irrita quassatio', excitans flammam, hominum passim discurrentium speciem præbebat. Qui ad transitum saltus insidendum locati erant, ubi in summis montibus ac super se quosdam ignes conspexerunt, circumventos se esse rati, præsidio excessere: quâ minime densæ micabant flammæ, velut tutissimum iter, petentes summa montium juga, tamen in quosdam boves palatos ab suis gregibus inciderunt. Et primo, quum procul cernerent, veluti flammas spirantium miraculo attoniti constiterunt: deinde, ut humana apparuit fraus, tum vero insidias rati esse, dum majore metu concitant se in fugam, levi quoque armaturæ hostium incurrere. Ceterum nox æquato timore' neutros pugnam incipientes1 ad lucem tenuit. Interea, toto agmine Hannibal transducto per saltum, et quibusdam in ipso saltu hostium oppressis, in agro Allifano posuit castra.

Hunc tumultum sensit Fabius. Ceterum et insidias esse ratus, et ab nocturno utique3 abhorrens certamine, suos munimentis tenuit. Luce prima sub jugo montis prælium fuit; quo interclusam ab suis levem armaturam facile (etenim numero aliquantum præstabant) Romani superassent, nisi Hispanorum cohors, ad id ipsum remissa ab Hannibale, prævenisset. Ea assuetior montibus, et ad concursandum inter saxa rupesque aptior ac levior, quum velocitate corporum, tum armorum habitu, campestrem hostem, gravem armis statariumque, pugnæ genere facile elusit. Ita haudquaquam pari certamine digressi, Hispani fere omnes incolumes, Romani, aliquot suis amissis, in castra contenderunt.

Fabius quoque movit castra: transgressusque saltum super Allifas, loco alto ac munito consedit. Tum, per

18.