made ready an army, and warded off the danger. Who is there who does not know that if Caesar had not prepared an army, the return of Antony would have been our ruin ? For he was so stirred up by his hatred of you and his slaughter of Roman citizens at Suessa that he thought of nothing but the overthrow of the Roman people. VASSAR, June, 1898.

113. The day following, Vercingetorix convoked the assembly. He declares that he did not undertake this war for the sake of his own interests, but for the sake of the common liberty, and that, since one must yield to fortune, he offers himself to them for either purpose (rem), whether they choose (velint) to satisfy the Romans by his death or to deliver him up alive. Envoys are sent to Caesar on this matter. He orders their arms to be delivered up, their chiefs to be brought before him. He himself is seated within-his-lines (in munitione) in front of the camp. There the leaders are brought before him. Vercingetorix is given up, their arms are surrendered. Reserving the Aedui and Averni, that if possible he may through them recover their states, he distributes the rest of the captives, one to each man in the army in the name of booty.

WELLESLEY, September, 1897.

114. At daybreak Caesar ordered all those men who had taken stand on the mountain to come down into the plain from their higher positions and throw down their arms. This they did without any refusal, and with out-stretched hands threw themselves on the ground weeping, and begged him for safety. He comforted them and bade them rise, speaking a few words to them about his clemency, that they might feel less fear. Then he gave them into the charge of his own soldiers that none of them be harmed.

Are you not ashamed of your silence? Messengers informed Caesar that the army would be on the march three days later. I would like to know what you are going to do. Labienus feared the

other legion would not come.

WELLESLEY, June, 1898.

115. I see, Conscript Fathers, that some of the citizens are plotting against the commonwealth. I have not punished them as yet; but I, the consul, am aware of their treachery, and all that they plan is straightway reported to me. I know where they have been and what leaders they have chosen. If that wicked wretch, Catiline,

does not depart from the city, he and his accomplices (socii) will be seized and put to death. For the immortal gods have willed that death should be the penalty of such crimes.

WESLEYAN, September, 1897.

116. The king of the Germans was Ariovistus. Caesar sent messengers to him to demand that he should liberate the Gauls. Ariovistus insolently refused, saying that he wondered what business the Romans had in Gaul, which he (Ariovistus) had conquered. Then Caesar marched against him and defeated him in a great battle. Thus the Gauls were liberated from the power of the Germans, and returned to their allegiance to the Roman people.

117. In the five-hundred-and-fortieth year after the founding of the city (a condita urbe) Paulus and Varro were sent against Hannibal. At a town called Cannae in Apulia a battle was fought, in which both consuls were defeated. The consul Paulus was killed, thirty senators were either captured or slain, as well as three hundred nobles and forty thousand soldiers. Yet no Roman dared to speak of peace. Slaves were manumitted (manumissi sunt), a thing which had never been done before, and in this way the army was increased. WILLIAMS, June, 1897.

118. Caesar, on seeing that very many of his own men were being wounded, ordered the cohorts to ascend the mountain and to raise a shout. The inhabitants (oppidani), greatly terrified at this (quo facto), called back their armed men, but were finally forced (cogere) to surrender. Drappes, a captive, refused food (lit. kept himself,

abstinere, from food), and so died. At the same time Lucterius, who had escaped (profugere) from the battle was brought back bound to Caesar.

WILLIAMS, June, 1898.

119. When the Romans reached Britain, the barbarians, occupying the shore, hurled javelins at them and attempted to prevent them from disembarking (ex nāvibus ēgredi). The Romans, not accustomed to fight on ships, were terrified by this until (dum) Caesar ordered some of his ships to be stationed near the exposed flank of the enemy. Then the barbarians, disturbed by the arrows and javelins, retreated slightly (paulum pedem referre). While the Romans were still hesitating, the eagle-bearer' of the tenth legion, jumping (se proicere) into the sea, cried out, "Leap down (desilire), soldiers, unless you wish to betray your eagle to the enemy !" All immediately followed him, and after a fierce conflict put the enemy to flight. Eagle-bearer-" he who carried the eagle."

1

YALE, July, 1897.

120. In his speech for the Manilian law Cicero reminded his fellow-citizens of the services rendered by Pompey when he held supreme command against the pirates who had grown so bold that they captured even large towns. "Even the very coast of Italy," said Cicero," and the Tiber itself were not safe from the attacks of those rascals. Almost under your very eyes a fleet under the command of a consul of the Roman people was crushed. And yet under the leadership of Pompey that dangerous war was ended within a few months. He prepared for it at the end of winter, began it in the early spring, and finished it by midsummer."

YALE, June, 1898

Caesar, Gallic War

BOOK III

1. Cum in Italiam proficisceretur Caesar, Ser. Galbam cum le- i gione duodecima et parte equitatus in Nantuatis, Varagros, Sedunosque misit, qui a finibus Allobrogum et lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano ad summas Alpes pertinent. Causa mittendi fuit quod 2 iter per Alpes, quo magno cum periculo magnisque cum portoriis mercatores ire consueverant, patefieri volebat. Huic permisit, si 3 opus esse arbitraretur, uti in his locis legionem hiemandi causa conlocaret. Galba secundis aliquot proeliis factis castellisque com- 4 pluribus eorum expugnatis, missis ad eum undique legatis obsidibusque datis et pace facta, constituit cohortes duas in Nantuatibus conlocare et ipse cum reliquis eius legionis cohortibus in vico Varagrorum, qui appellatur Octodurus, hiemare; qui vicus positus in 5 valle, non magna adiecta planitie, altissimis montibus undique continetur. Cum hic in duas partes flumine divideretur, alteram partem 6 eius vici Gallis concessit, alteram vacuam ab his relictam cohortibus ad hiemandum attribuit. Eum locum vallo fossaque munivit.

2. Cum dies hibernorum complures transissent, frumentumque I eo comportari iussisset, subito per exploratores certior factus est ex ea parte vici quam Gallis concesserat omnes noctu discessisse, montesque qui impenderent a maxima multitudine Sedunorum et Varagrorum teneri. Id aliquot de causis acciderat ut subito Galli 2 belli renovandi legionisque opprimendae consilium caperent : primum, quod legionem, neque eam plenissimam, detractis cohorti- 3 bus duabus et compluribus singillatim, qui commeatus petendi causa missi erant, absentibus, propter paucitatem despiciebant; tum etiam 4 quod propter iniquitatem loci, cum ipsi ex montibus in vallem decurrerent et tela coicerent, ne primum quidem posse impetum suum sustineri existimabant. Accedebat quod suos ab se liberos abs- 5 tractos obsidum nomine dolebant, et Romanos non solum itinerum

causa sed etiam perpetuae possessionis culmina Alpium occupare conari et ea loca finitimae provinciae adiungere sibi persuasum habebant.

I 3. His nuntiis acceptis Galba, cum neque opus hibernorum munitionesque plene essent perfectae neque de frumento reliquoque commeatu satis esset provisum, quod deditione facta obsidibusque acceptis nihil de bello timendum existimaverat, consilio celeriter 2 convocato sententias exquirere coepit. Quo in consilio, cum tantum repentini periculi praeter opinionem accidisset, ac iam omnia fere superiora loca multitudine armatorum completa conspicerentur, neque subsidio veniri neque commeatus supportari interclusis itine3 ribus possent, prope iam desperata salute nonnullae huius modi sententiae dicebantur ut, impedimentis relictis eruptione facta, isdem 4 itineribus quibus eo pervenissent ad salutem contenderent. Maiori tamen parti placuit hoc reservato ad extremum casum consilio interim rei eventum experiri et castra defendere.

I 4. Brevi spatio interiecto, vix ut iis rebus quas constituissent conlocandis atque administrandis tempus daretur, hostes ex omnibus partibus signo dato decurrere, lapides gaesaque in vallum 2 coicere. Nostri primo integris viribus fortiter propugnare neque ullum frustra telum ex loco superiore mittere, ut quaeque pars castrorum nudata defensoribus premi videbatur, eo occurrere et auxilium 3 ferre; sed hoc superari quod diuturnitate pugnae hostes defessi 4 proelio excedebant, alii integris viribus succedebant: quarum rerum ab nostris propter paucitatem fieri nihil poterat, ac non modo defesso ex pugna excedendi, sed ne saucio quidem eius loci ubi constiterat relinquendi ac sui recipiendi facultas dabatur.

I 5. Cum iam amplius horis sex continenter pugnaretur ac non solum vires sed etiam tela nostros deficerent, atque hostes acrius instarent languidioribusque nostris vallum scindere et fossas com2 plere coepissent, resque esset iam ad extremum perducta casum, P. Sextius Baculus, primi pili centurio, quem Nervico proelio compluribus confectum vulneribus diximus, et item C. Volusenus, tribunus militum, vir et consili magni et virtutis, ad Galbam adcurrunt atque unam esse spem salutis docent, si eruptione facta extremum auxi3 lium experirentur. Itaque convocatis centurionibus celeriter milites