10 Rōmānōrum cognitum erat, eosque victōs obsidibus acceptis stipendiarios fecit. Galliae autem tribūti nomine annuum imperavit stipendium quadringenties, Germanōsque trans Rhenum adgressus immanissimis proeliis vicit. Inter tot successus ter male pugnavit, apud Arvernos semel praesens et absēns in 15 Germania bis; nam lēgāti eius duo, Titūrius et Aurunculeius, per insidias caesi sunt. 10. cognitus, -a, -um, adj. [pf. part. of cognoscō], known. obses, -idis, m. and f., a hostage, 11. stipendiārius, -a, -um, adj. mans. 13. immānis, -e, adj., vast, huge, immense; fierce, savage. 10. eōs . . stipendiariōs fecit: "made them tributary." This was a mere form, as the Britons paid little or nothing into the Roman treasury. Caesar's operations were confined to the southern part of the island, and it was not until more than a century later that the Romans became masters of the country. 11. tribūtī nomine: "as tribute." The ablatives locō, numerō, and nōmine are often used with the gen. with the force of "as." 12. imperavit: "levied upon," with successus, -ūs, m. [succēdō], an ad- semel, num. adv., once, one time. 15. Germania, -ae, f., Germany. Map Titūrius, -1, m., a gentile name. the acc. of the thing levied and the dat. of the person levied upon. quadringenties: sc. centēna milia sestertium about $1,640,000. 13. immanissimis proeliis: Caesar crossed the Rhine twice, but neither expedition was marked by any important results. His great battles with the Germans were fought on the Gallic side of the river. 14. absēns: since the battles were fought under his command even when he was not present in person, the defeat may fairly be called his. 61. CIVIL WAR BETWEEN POMPEY AND CAESAR In 53 B.C. occurred the death of Crassus, and in the following year owing to the anarchy that prevailed in Rome because of the conflict of classes, Pompeius, who had inclined more and more to the senate, was elected sole consul. He now saw that with Caesar out of the way he himself would be sole ruler in Rome. His program was therefore to deprive Caesar of his army by recalling him from Gaul, and at the same time to prevent him from standing again for the consulship. This program was carried out by the senate through the influence of Pompeius. Caesar, instead of obeying the mandate of the senate to disband his army, crossed the Rubicon, which separated his province from Italy, and marched upon Rome. This meant another civil war, headed by Caesar, who claimed to represent the popular party, on the one side, and by Pompeius, for the oligarchical party, on the other. It is clear that each had his own personal ambitions to serve, quite apart from people or senate. As Caesar marched upon the city (49 B. C.) Pompeius fled to Greece, whither most of the nobles followed him. Hinc iam bellum civile successit execrandum et lacrimabile, quo praeter calamitātēs, quae in proeliis acciderunt, etiam populi Romānī fortūna mūtāta est. Caesar enim rediens ex Gallia victor coepit poscere alterum consulatum atque ita ut sine dubietate aliqua ei deferretur. Contradictum est a Mar- 5 cello consule, à Bibulō, à Pompeio, à Catōne, iussusque dimissis exercitibus ad urbem redire. Propter quam iniūriam ab Ari 1. execror, -ārī, -ātus, tr. [ex+sacer), to curse, execrate; part. execrandus, as adj., detestable. lacrimabilis, -e, adj. [lacrima], worthy of tears, lamentable, mournful. 2. praeter, adv. and prep. with acc.; as adr., besides; as prep., beyond; besides, except; contrary to. accido, -ere, -cidi, - intr. [ad+ cadōl, to fall to, fall; of weapons, strike; come to pass, happen, take 3. fortuna, -ae, f. [fors), fortune, Marcellus, -ī, m., a cognomen. 3. populi Rōmānī... mütāta est: i.e. the Roman government was changed from a republic to an empire. 4. alterum consulatum: this had been one of the agreements of the triumvirate; besides, Caesar felt that his life would not be safe in Rome unless he were protected by the security of the consular office. ita ut: "so effectively that." Caesar's enemies charged that it was done by bribery. 5. sine dubietāte aliqua = the clas sical sine dubio, 6. Catōne: great-grandson of Cato the Censor. He was celebrated for the purity of his life and his devotion to the traditions of the ancient republic; but he was a narrow-minded, fanatical man, too shortsighted to understand the political tendencies of the times and too stubborn, perhaps, to abandon his own position if he had been capable of understanding them. dimissis exercitibus: tr. by a coordinate clause. 7. ab Ariminō: for the prep. see on Tarento, 39. 62. It was high treason for a proconsul to cross the borders of his province; so that when Caesar passed over the little river Rubicon, which separated Cisalpine Gaul from Italy, it was, in effect, a declaration of war. mino, ubi milités congregātos habebat, adversum patriam cum exercitu venit. Consules cum Pompeio senatusque omnis 10 atque universa nōbilitās ex urbe fugit et in Graeciam transiit. Apud Epirum, Macedoniam, Achaeam Pompeiō duce senatus contra Caesarem bellum paravit. 8. milités congregātōs habēbat: "had his troops collected," stronger than congregāverat. The perfect par. ticiple with habeō and teneō emphasizes the result of a completed act rather This than the performance of the act. 62. THE BATTLE OF PHARSALUS The two armies met in the decisive contest of the war at Pharsalus in Thessaly (48 B.C.), in which Pompeius's forces, although greatly outnumbering those of his opponent, were defeated. Caesar vacuam urbem ingressus dictātōrem sē fecit. Inde Hispanias petiit. Ibi Pompei exercitus validissimōs et fortissimōs cum tribus ducibus, L. Āfrāniō, M. Petreiō, M. Varrōne, superavit. Inde regressus in Graeciam transiit, adversum 5 Pompeium dimicavit. Primo proelio victus est et fugātus, ēvasit tamen, quia nocte interveniente Pompeius sequi noluit, dixitque Caesar nec Pompeium scire vincere et illo tantum die se potuisse superări. Deinde in Thessalia apud Palaeopharsă |
