the acquittal of Verres. 28 & 29. This is to compass the miscarriage of justice. Metellus goes to such lengths as to desert all duty for such a criminal, to whom he says he owes his election. 30. They expect that with a new Prætor and almost a new jury next year they will be able to defeat the ends of justice. 31 & 32. The day is the

nones of August. In ten days come the votive games, and then the Roman games. Thus we shall lose forty days, and by other delays they hope to prolong the trial to the games of Victory, on which the plebeian games follow, so the prosecution will be tired out, and the matter will come undetermined to a friendly Prætor, M. Metellus, who should be a juryman and not a Prætor, so that if I made a long speech I might win fame as an orator, but I should give Verres a chance of escape. 33 & 34. I have a greater object in view in the interest of the Sicilians than the conviction and condemnation of this wretched criminal. 35 & 36. I will expose his intolerable tyranny, his intrigues, and those of his creatures and hangers-on. It is the villainy of a few wretches amongst us that discredits our whole order, and I solemnly warn you all against corruption in this trial. 37 & 38. Though Hortensius will be Consul, and I only the Edile, yet I will do the most for the people, for I will purge away the iniquities of the judicial courts of the Senate, while I bear testimony to the purity of the equestrian courts. 39 & 40. I will convict Herennius, Popillius, and Attilius of corruption, and prove the scandalous tampering with the tablets of the jurors, and also the proposal of Verres to divide the proceeds of his three years' government between himself, his advocates, and his judges. 40-42. Hence it was suggested that the Provincials would most likely petition for the abolition of Repetundæ, on the ground that while they might hope to sate the rapacity of a governor who had only to plunder for himself and his family, they

could not endure the boundless extortion necessary to procure his acquittal by the extravagant bribery of his judges. To such a pass has the administration of Roman law now come. Verres evidently acts as if he believed you to be as base as himself. 43-45. The lost character of your order may be now retrieved, and it was this object that prompted the people to demand so persistently the restoration of the power of the tribunes, which would lead to the reformation of the law courts. This was clearly the opinion of Catulus, and when Pompey branded the misgovernment of the provinces the people applauded. 46-50. The people are vigilantly watching these proceedings; your interests are at stake; if Verres is acquitted the worst suspicion will rest on you. I will give the amplest proof of his guilt, and hope that no one here but Verres will prove himself a villain. 51-56. But I appeal to you, Glabrio, that such a calamity does not happen, bearing in mind your father's severe law to protect the integrity of this court, and his steadfast antagonism to unprincipled characters. I will not permit this case to pass into the hands of a new Prætor or a new jury, nor suffer the Sicilians to be defrauded of their rights. My witnesses shall be called at once, and I will examine them on each count of the indictment; and my charge is this: "I solemnly affirm that Gaius Verres, in addition to many crimes of licentiousness and barbarity, has, contrary to the law, embezzled forty thousand sestertia from Sicily, and this I will confirm by oral as well as documentary proof of all kinds."

THE ORATION ON BEHALF OF ARCHIAS.

THIS highly polished oration was delivered B.C. 62, in the defence of Aulus Licinius Archias, who was accused of having usurped the privileges of citizens without any

title. The prosecutor was Gratius, and the law under which the trial took place was the Lex Papia.

ABSTRACT OF THE ORATION.

Cicero contends that Archias had been presented with the citizenship of Heraclea, a Roman ally, and that when the Lex Plantea et Paperia (B.c. 89) conferred the Roman citizenship on all citizens of the Civitates Fœderatæ who lived in Italy at the time, and should give in their names within sixty days to the Prætor, Archias did comply with the law, and gave in his name to L. Metellus Pius. The town registers of Heraclea having been burnt, the enrolment could not be proved by inspection, but a deputation from Heraclea proved the enrolment, and M. Lucullus affirmed he had carried the act through. A second public certificate was required, namely, the entry of the name in the census book, but its absence here was explained by the fact that the census had been taken at irregular intervals, and that Archias had been much absent from Rome. In 85 and 70 в.C., when the census was taken, Archias was absent in Asia with Lucullus, and while he was at Rome there was no census. He had, however, acted as a Roman citizen by making his will according to Roman law, and by his name being sent into the treasury by L. Lucullus. The close of the speech is an eulogy on Archias as a poet, and on the benefit derived from the study of philosophy and literature.

M. TULLII CICERONIS

IN L. CATILINAM.

ORATIO PRIMA HABITA IN SENATU.

I. QUOUSQUE tandem abutere, Catilina, patientiâ nostrâ? Quamdiu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet? Quem ad finem sese effrenata jactabit audacia? Nihilne te nocturnum præsidium Palatii, nihil Urbis vigiliæ, nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hic munitissimus habendi senatûs locus, nihil horum ora vultusque moverunt? Patere tua consilia non sentis ? Constrictam jam omnium horum conscientiâ teneri conjurationem tuam non vides? Quid proximâ, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, quem nostrûm ignorare arbitraris? O tempora! o mores! senatus hæc intelligit; consul videt: hic tamen vivit. Vivit? immo vero etiam in senatum venit; fit publici consilii particeps; notat et designat oculis ad cædem unum quemque nostrum. Nos autem, viri fortes, satisfacere reipublicæ videmur, si istius furorem ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci jussu consulis jampridem oportebat: in te conferri pestem istam, quam tu in nos omnes jamdiu machinaris. An vero vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labefactantem statum reipublicæ privatus in

terfecit: Catilinam vero orbem terræ cæde atque incendiis vastare cupientem nos consules perferemus? Nam illa nimis antiqua prætereo, quòd C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Mælium novis rebus studentem manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac republica virtus, ut viri fortes. acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum, quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent. Habemus senatusconsultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave: non deest reipublicæ consilium neque auctoritas hujus ordinis: nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus. II. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius consul videret, ne quid respublica detrimenti caperet. Nox nulla intercessit: interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, majoribus: occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis. Simili senatusconsulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus permissa est respublica: num unum diem postea L. Saturninum tribunum plebis et C. Servilium prætorem mors ac R. P. pœna remorata est? At vero nos vicesimum jam diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis. Habemus enim hujusmodi senatusconsultum, verumtamen inclusum in tabulis, tamquam gladium in vagina reconditum: quo ex senatusconsulto confestim interfectum te esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis: et vivis non ad deponendam, sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres conscripti, me esse clementem: cupio in tantis reipublicæ periculis me non dissolutum videri, sed jam me ipse inertiæ nequitiæque condemno. 5. Castra sunt in Italia contra rempublicam in Etruriæ faucibus collocata: crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus eorum autem imperatorem castrorum ducemque hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus, intestinam aliquam quotidie perniciem reipublicæ molientem. Si te jam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici jussero, credo, erit verendum mihi, ne non hoc potius omnes boni serius a me, quam quisquam crudelius factum