Punicis oppida (more commonly ex Punicis oppidis), Most of the Carthaginian towns:" quos novissime habuerant, "which they (the Carthaginians) had very lately possessed," viz., at the beginning of the third Punic war: imperitabat, same as imperabat, “ruled,”

"governed:"

præter nomen cetera, &c., “as to other things except the name ignorant of (a stranger to) the Roman people." Here ignarus has its usual active sense, and is followed by its object in the genitive. § 107, R. ix. For the accusative cetera, see § 128, Obs. 1,

Exc.

XX.-1. Diviso regno. Sallust here takes up the history from Ch. XVI.: decessere, “had departed.” § 44, III., 3: præmia sce leris adeptum sese, "that he had obtained the rewards of his villany,"namely impunity, and the half of Numidia, instead of the third: quod-acceperat, I which he had heard." Ch. VIII. 2. Quem petebat, "At whom he aimed," "whom he designed to attack:" opportunus injuriæ, “a fit subject for injustice," "who might be injured with impunity," "easily trampled upon." 3. Capit, "Seizes:" dolore permotum, "stung with resentment." 4. At ille, scil., Adherbal: fretus erat, "depended," lit., "was depending:" amicitia, Numidis. § 119, R. xxiii.: questum (supine), "to complain:" contumeliosa dicta, "an insulting answer:"

tentatum antea secus cesserat, "when attempted before, it had turned out otherwise (than he expected)." viz., the complaint of Adherbal:

5. Neque eo, "Nor by that," quippe qui, &c., "since he in his

mind had already seized on the whole of his [Adherbal's] kingdom."

6. Vastare, &c., historical infinitives:

prædas agere, "drove

off the booty," scil., cattle or live stock, such as can be taken off by driving, as the word agere denotes.

XXI.—1. Eo processum, “It had come to that," "that matters had come to such a pass:" Jugurtha obvius procedit, "advances to meet Jugurtha." § 111, R. xvi. 2. Prope Cirtam oppidum. § 136, Obs. 5. A city of Numidia, once the royal residence, and a place of great wealth under Syphax, situate on the river Ampsagas, about 48 miles from the sea. 3. Processit, "Had advanced," § 44, III., 3: obscuro etiam tum lumine, "the light being even yet "at early dawn:" very faint," i. e., partim alios alios alios, distributing eos, scil., hostes understood, meaning the soldiers of Adherbal. 4. Togatorum, "Of Roman citizens." The toga was

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the badge of Roman citizenship, as the pallium was of Greek: manibus prohibuit, "repelled from the walls:" cœptum atque patratum foret, "would have been begun and ended." 5. Vineis. The Vinea were sheds erected by the Romans, with a roof of wicker work covered over with earth or raw hides, to prevent them from being easily set on fire. They were moved up against the walls on wheels or rollers, and under their shelter the soldiers worked the battering ram (aries), or undermined the walls: turribus. The towers used in the Roman military works were of two kinds, fixed, and movable. They were structures of wood, sufficiently high to overlook and command the enemy's walls; and from them, showers of arrows, darts, and other missiles were thrown by means of engines. When once erected or brought up against a town, it was seldom able to hold out long. See Cæsar, Index, Turris and vinee.

6. Tempus legatorum antecapere, "To anticipate the time (of the return) of the ambassadors." 7. Accepit, Heard:"

adeant

-

verbis nuntient, "to go to," in the words," &c. § 141, Obs. 2, 4th.

they desired and commanded."

qui

"to announce to them

8. Velle et censere, "That

Velle refers to the people, and censere

to the determination of the senate after due deliberation :

eos,

"that

they," scil., Jugurtha and Adherbal: - jure, "by law:" ita (facere) seque illisque dignum esse, "that to do thus was befitting both the Romans and them." Se refers to the Roman people and senate, illis, to Jugurtha and Adherbal.

2. Quorum Jugurtha, ab optimo

XXII.-1. Clemens erat, "Was mild." &c., "Jugurtha, on hearing their commission, replied:" quoque, "by all good men." § 98, Obs. 13: (esse). § 47, 2:

placuisse―adoptatum

non malitia, "not by wicked conduct:" ob easdem artes, "that for this conduct," lit., ties." 3. Quo plura, "The more:"

"for these good qualico animum suum, &c.,

"the less could his spirit brook injury." § 132, Obs. 6. 4. Neque recte neque pro bono facturum (esse), "Would act neither justly nor for their own interest:" si ab jure gentium sese prohibuerit, "if they debarred him (Jugurtha) from the right of nations," namely, to avenge his own wrongs. 5. Utrique digrediuntur, “Both parties (Jugurtha and the ambassadors) separate." 6. Adherbalis appellandi (illis) copia non fuit, "They had not an opportunity of speaking to Adherbal." § 147, R. lxii.

XXIII.-1. Neque — potest, exstruit, "he erects (fixed) towers:"

Obs. 6:

turres

tentare, ostentare, &c. § 144, modo formidinem, "sometimes intimidation:" arrigere, "excited:" prorsus intentus, "always on the alert.' 2. Hostem infestum, "That his enemy was implacable,” was bent on his ruin:" miserando casum suum, “by deploring his own condition "with a view to excite their compassion. 3. Litteræ Adherbalis-recitata (sunt), "The letter

una,

"with him:"

of Adherbal was read aloud:"

sententia, "the purport."

XXIV. -1. In animo habeat, "He regards in his mind," or simply, "he regards:" malit, "he would rather have."

2. Mihi-auxiliantur, "Afford relief to me:"

form of urgear.

urguear, ancient 3. Plura de Jugurtha, &c., "My unhappy con

dition discourages me from writing more concerning Jugurtha.” 4. Nisi tamen intellego, "But still (this I may say) I understand," &c. 5. Utrum gravius existimet, "Which of the two he thinks the more important" (scil., your friendship or my kingdom). This clause is the subject of est. He means to say, it is clear to every one that Jugurtha prefers his kingdom to the friendship of the Roman people. 6. Quæ (§ 99, Obs. 8.) sane fuerint, "Whatever indeed may have been our injuries," i. e., "injuries done to us:" nihil ad vos, "it

did not concern you."

7. Quanti fecerit, "How much he valued."

§ 133, Exc. This clause is the object of declarant. 8. Quid reliquum, &c., "What is there left by which he can be moved:” vana forent, "were groundless:" fidem verbis faceret, "should gain credit to my words." 9. Eo, "To this end," "to this fate:"

ut Jugurtha scelerum ostentui (aliis) essem, “that I should be a spectacle (to others) of the villanies,” &c., i. e., “that I should serve to display (to others) the villanies of Jugurtha." § 114, R. xix. :

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libet, as you please," lit., "as it pleases you."

uti

XXV.-1. Fuere, qui censerent, § 141, Obs. 1, "Some gave it Adherbali subveniundum (esse), "that assist

as their opinion:"

men

de Jugurtha,

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2.

ance should be rendered to Adherbal." § 112, R. v.: &c., "that in the meantime it should be deliberated," i. e., "that the senate should deliberate concerning Jugurtha;" in other words, "that the conduct of Jugurtha should be taken into consideration." Summa ope enisum (est), — impers.- "Every effort was made." It appears the effort too was successful. 3. Majores natu, Young (adolescentes) had been sent before, Ch. XXI.; now elderly men” are sent; i. e., men of more influence and weight of character : M. Scaurus. Ch. XV., 4: in senatu princeps, "the leader in the senate." The senator was called princeps whose name was first marked in the censor's list of senators. This, though it bestowed no privilege, was esteemed a high honor, carrying with it the judgment of the censor, that he was the most worthy. 4. Res in invidia erat, "The affair was involved in great odium:" navim ascendere, "embarked." § 144, Obs. 6: possible." § 134, Obs. 6, 3d:

quam ocissime, "as speedily as ad provinciam accedat, "to come to the province," scil., of Africa. The expression litteras mittunt implies a command, hence the subjunctive following it; ut being understood. § 145, Obs. 5, 3d. Before the clause seque ad, &c., supply dicentes,

"saying."

5. Metu atque libidine diversus (§ 98, Obs. 10.) agita

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ad inceptum,

batur, Was variously agitated by fear and ambition:" cupidine сӕсия, "blinded by his eagerness (for dominion):" &c., "urged him on to the wicked enterprise already begun." 6. Vicit, "Prevailed:" posted around (on every side):"

exercitu circumdato,

ellipsis is nearly peculiar to Sallust:

his army being

Cirtam, i. e., in Cirtam. This diducta manu hostium,

"the force of the enemy being divided," viz., to meet the troops of Jugurtha making an attack on every side:

casum victoriæ, "a 8. Multa

7. Quod ubi, "When this."

tamen oratione consumpta, "Yet after a long debate," lit., " many

chance of victory."

words being wasted:"

their object."

frustra, "without having accomplished

XXVI.-1. Italici, the same as togati. Ch. XXI.:

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defensa

bantur, were wont to be vigorously defended." Observe the force of the frequentative, and the imperfect. § 44, II., 1:

deditione facta,

"if (or when) a surrender should be made." § 146, Obs. 9: tantum ab eo vitam paciscatur, “that he should stipulate with him only for his life:" fore, used impersonally, "that it would be."

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2. Potiora fide, More to be relied on than the promise:" eosdem (erat), "he was in their power."

the first things:"

excruciatum necat

penes

3. In primis, "Among excruciat et necat, “tor

tures and puts to death," lit., "puts to death after being tortured:" negotiatores, "the merchants," viz., the Italici above. This took place B. C. 112.

XXVII.-1. Quod postquam, “After this." § 99, Obs. 8: ministri regis, "tools of the king" (scil., of Jugurtha); i. e., those senators who, by the bribes of Jugurtha, had been induced to defend him at all hazards: interpellando, "by interrupting" the course of business: jurgiis, "by altercations:" leniebant, "endeavored to soften." § 44, II., 2. 2. Vir acer, "A spirited man:" id agi, "that it was in agitation,” i. e., "that the plan was:" profecto omnis invidia, &c., 'undoubtedly all indignation (against the conduct of Jugurtha) would have passed away by protracting the debates." 3. Delicti conscientia, "From a consciousness of guilt." 4. Lege Sempronia. Previous to this law provinces were assigned by the senate to the consuls after their election, or after they entered on their office. This gave rise often to corrupt intriguings with the senators, on the part of the consuls, for particular

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