cf. Plin., N. H. VII. 30. 115; XXXV. 2. 10. The original Hall of Liberty, or Freedom's Hall, was apparently burned under Augustus. When restored by Pollio, it contained his library; cf. Ov., Trist. III. 1. 71 f.:

Nec me, quae doctis patuerunt prima libellis,
Atria Libertas tangere passa sua est.

See Platner, Anc. Rome2, 275. Munatio Planco: see note to page 49, line 11. The temple of Saturn, consecrated in 497 B.C., at the foot of the Clivus Capitolinus, was restored from the spoils of war in 42 B.C.; cf. Liv. II. 21. 1; C. I. L. VI. 1316, X. 6087. From earliest times it was a public depository. The existing podium belongs to the temple of Plancus. The eight remaining columns date from a period of decadence, that of the final restoration. See Platner, Anc. Rome2, 178 f.

21. Cornelio Balbo : L. Cornelius Balbus, of Gades in Spain, accused in 56 B.c. of having obtained Roman citizenship illegally, was defended by Cicero in an extant speech and acquitted. He was the friend and agent of Julius Caesar, won Octavian's favor and was consul in 40 B.C. He was granted a triumph over the Garamantes in 19 B.C. Pliny (N. H. XXXVI. 7. 60) mentions four onyx columns in his theater which excited great admiration at Rome. The theater was dedicated in 13 B.C. and stood not far from the theater of Marcellus and so near the Tiber as to be inaccessible during high waters; cf. Dio LIV. 25. 2. See Platner, Anc. Rome 2, 367. Statilio Tauro: Statilius Taurus was one of Octavian's generals at the battle of Actium, was consul in 37 and 26 в.c. and praefectus urbi during the absence of Augustus in 16 B.C. The first stone amphitheater in Rome was erected by him in 30-29 в.c. on the Campus Martius and was destroyed in the great fire of 64 A.D.; cf. Dio LI. 23. 1, LIX. 10. 5, LXII. 18. 2. See Platner, Anc. Rome 2, 364 f.

...

22. M. Agrippa: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, besides constructing the portus Iulius and other great works in Italy, made many splendid contributions to the magnificence and convenience of Rome, either at his own expense or in the administering of public funds; see notes to page 54, line 1, and page 53, line 22. In his third consulship, 27 B.C., he built the Pantheon, at the north end of his Thermae, in the Campus Martius, still the best preserved edifice of ancient Rome, though restored under later emperors; cf. Dio LIII. 27. 2. His Thermae were probably opened in 19 B.C.; the Saepta, or rectangular porticus in the Campus Martius, in 26 B.C.; gardens with a stagnum, or artificial pool, and the Euripus, or open channel, in 11 в.c.; two aquaeductus, Aqua Iulia and Aqua Virgo, built, respectively, in 33 B.C., during his aedileship, and in 19 в.c.; a

porticus Neptuni in 25 B.C. Cf. Dio LIII. 23. 1, 27. 1; LIV. 11. 7, 29. 4; Frontin., de Aq. 83 f.; Plin., N. H. XXXI. 3. 42. In 33 B.C., as aedile, he also constructed seven hundred basins and five hundred fountains; cf. Plin., N. H. XXXVI. 15, 121. See Platner, Anc. Rome2, 351-358, 384 ff., 386 ff., 96 f.

Chapter 30 Divisions of the City. Precautionary Measures. The Viae. Restorations

23. Spatium urbis, etc. he divided the city's area into wards and precincts. From earliest times there were four regiones; see Dion. Hal. IV. 14 and note to page 48, line 12. Rome had now outgrown the limits

of the Servian Wall, however, and in 8-7 B.C. Augustus divided the entire space, almost to the line of the later Aurelian Wall (271–276 a.d.), into fourteen regiones, or wards, which were subdivided, in Pliny's time, into two hundred and sixty-five vici, or precincts, each comprising a group, or block, of buildings. Each of these vici had its aedicula Larium Compitalium, where the Lares of the crossroads were worshipped, and later its shrine for the worship of the Genius Augusti; cf. Plin., N. H. III. 5. 66; C. I. L. VI. 454; Ov., Fast. V. 145 f.; and see Momms., Res Gest. 82. The vicus was used for administrative purposes, as may be seen from page 69, line 14, and page 71, line 28; cf. Tib. 76; Claud. 18. 1.

24. annui magistratus: each of these fourteen regiones was to be in charge of a praetor, aedile or tribune annually selected by lot; cf. Dio LV. 8. 7 and see Ferrero, Greatn. and Decl. of Rome, V. 263 f. sortito: see Introd. II. § 9. a. (4). magistri e plebe, etc. these precinct-masters apparently existed before the reform of Augustus, but with no official character. The leaders chosen were mainly freedmen, foreigners, or plebeians of standing, and received no compensation, but were allowed, on occasions, to wear the toga praetexta and to be attended by two lictors. They provided, in particular, for the worship of the Lares Compitales and, later, of the Genius Augusti, besides having general oversight over festivals, fire brigades and the public safety; cf. Dio LV. 8. 6 f.; Liv. XXXIV. 7. 2; and see Ferrero, Greatn. and Decl. of Rome, V. 236 f., and notes.

25. Adversus incendia, etc. see Introd. II. § 5. c. On excubias see note to page 58, line 11. Because of the increased frequency and danger of fires Augustus enrolled, in 6 A.D., seven cohorts of freedmen, each under the command of a knight, to serve as nocturni vigiles, with the combined duties of firemen and policemen, in the various wards of the

city. In general, one corps of about one thousand men would look after two wards. The entire force of seven thousand or more men was under the praefectus vigilum, or chief of police. Cf. Dio LV. 26. 4 f., and see Abbott, Rom. Polit. Inst.2, 367 f.; Lanciani, Anc. Rome, Chapter VIII, The Police and Fire Dept. of Anc. Rome.

27. laxavit: laxare, in the sense of widen', 'deepen ', is found in Cic., ad Att. IV. 16. 8: ut forum laxaremus et usque ad atrium Libertatis explicaremus. Dio (LIII. 20. 1, 33. 5) refers to severe floods in 27 B.C. and 23 B.C. Shuckburgh refers this widening of the channel to the year 8 B.C.; see his note on this passage.

28. olim: = iam diu; cf. Plin., Ep. VIII. 9. 1: Olim non librum in manus, non stilum sumpsi, olim nescio quid sit otium. ruderibus: rubbish, from building operations and ruins of flood and fire; cf. Vesp. 8. 5, Deformis urbs veteribus incendiis ac ruinis erat; . . . ruderibus purgandis manus primus admovit; Tac., Ann. XV. 43. 4, Ruderi accipiendo Ostiensis paludes destinabat. Rudus is more common in the sense of concrete' or coarse plaster'. tions' or encroachments of buildings, Horace (Od. III. 1. 33 ff.).

6

prolationibus: such' projecpossibly, as those mentioned by

30. Flaminia via . . . munienda: the repaving of the Flaminian Way as far as Ariminum (modern Rimini). For munire in the sense of 'make a road passable', by opening, repaving or otherwise, cf. Cic., pro Mil. VII. 17, quasi Appius ille Caecus viam muniverit; Liv. XXI. 37. 2, ad rupem muniendam. This occurred in 27 B.C.; cf. M.A. XX. 4. 19, Consul septimum viam Flaminiam ab urbe Ariminum feci; Dio LIII. 22. 1. The Via Flaminia, the great road to the North begun in the censorship of Gaius Flaminius, 220 B.C., ended at Ariminum, from which place it was continued through Cisalpine Gaul under the name of the Via Aemilia; cf. Liv., Epit. XX: C. Flaminius censor viam Flaminiam muniit. reliquas triumphalibus, etc. : the phrase ex manubiali pecunia, ‘from prize money', apparently occurs only here; ex manubiis is more usual: cf. M. A. XXI. 4. 21 f., ex manibiis; page 13, line 5, and Tib. 20, de manubiis. Strictly speaking, manubiae, as opposed to praeda, means 'money obtained from the sale of booty'; cf. Gell. XIII. 25. 1 ff. Of this money one part was put into the aerarium, one part was given to the soldiers and the remainder belonged to the general, by whom it was usually expended largely upon public works, as we have seen. The great Roman roads were called viae praetoriae or consulares and were under the supervision of curatores. To be a curator viae Flaminiae in 65 в.c. rendered a man formidable as a rival for the consulship; cf. Cic., ad Att. I. 1. 2.

Of the viri triumphales here mentioned, C. Calvisius Sabinus triumphed from Spain in 28 B.C. and repaired the Via Latina. See Momms., Res Gest. 87.

31. manubiali: said to occur only here; Introd. II. § 1. a.

Page 64. 1. Aedes sacras, etc. : particularly in 28 в.c.; cf. M. A. XX. 4. 17 f.: Duo et octoginta templa deum in urbe consul sextum ex decreto senatus refeci, nullo praetermisso quod eo tempore refici debebat. Dio (LIII. 2. 4) states that Augustus assigned the work of restoring others to the descendants of original founders. Horace (Od. III. 6. 1-8) refers to this restoration of neglected shrines.

3. ut qui: less common than quippe qui before Livy's time. See Lane, Lat. Gram.2 1827, and Introd. II. § 8. j. cellam Capitolini Iovis : there were three cellae, chapels or shrines, in the great temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline. The central and largest cella was sacred to Jupiter; the two smaller ones to Juno and Minerva, respectively. sedecim milia pondo, etc.: Augustus (M. A. XXI. 4. 26) states that the entire value of such gifts was about one hundred million sesterces. Mommsen (Res Gest. 88) therefore considers the amount of gold here stated, sixtyfour million sesterces, to be an exaggeration. The gift of pearls and other precious stones, valued at fifty million sesterces, is half of the entire amount mentioned by Augustus. The jewels may have been from Cleopatra's spoils; cf. Dio LI. 22. 2 f.

Chapter 31. Pontifex Maximus. Revision of Calendar. Revival of Ancient Rites. Honors Paid Great Leaders

6. pontificatum maximum, etc. although Lepidus, it seems, held the office irregularly, the pontifex maximus could not be removed from office. Augustus refused to break a constitutional rule, but took credit for observing the rule; cf. M. A. X. 2. 23 f.: Pontifex maximus ne fierem in vivi conlegae locum, populo id sacerdotium deferente mihi quod pater meus habuit, recusavi. Lepidus died in 13 B.C. and Augustus was elected to the office on March 6, 12 B.C.; cf. M. A. X. 2. 25 f.; C. I. L. I, page 387. See Liv., Epit. CXVII; Vell. II. 63. 1; Dio XLIV. 53. 6 f. ; App., B.C. V. 131. 543.

8. quidquid fatidicorum librorum, etc.: whatever prophetic writ ings of Greek and Latin origin were commonly current, anonymously or on quite inadequate authority; cf. page 9, line 22, utque vulgo mox ferrentur hi versus. For the use of quidquid . . . librorum see Introd. II.

§ 4. e.

solos re

10. supra duo milia: cf. Introd. II. § 5. r. (2). (b). tinuit, etc. the new collection of these prophecies which was made after the destruction of the older copies with the Capitoline temple on July 6, 83 B.C.; see App., B. C. I. 86. 391; Tac., Hist. III. 72. Augustus ordered the priests to copy some that were becoming illegible from age; cf. Dio LIV. 17. 2. Yet the revision did not prevent the circulation of professed prophecies, as we find Tiberius ordering a further revision and the destruction of the spurious works; see Tac., Ann. VI. 12 (18). 1–3; Dio LVII. 18. 4 f. The official copy was consulted as late as the third century; cf. Vopisc., Aurel. 18. 5. The quindecimviri Sibyllini, or sacris faciundis, had charge of these books, under the senate's supervision, and were under bond to keep secret their contents; cf. Tac., Ann. VI. 12 (18). 1, 5, and see Marquardt, Röm. Staatsv. III 2. 380 f.

12. forulis auratis: gilded bookcases; cf. Juv. III. 219: Hic libros dabit et forulos mediamque Minervam. See Introd. II. § 1. e.

13. Annum a Divo Iulio, etc. for the Julian calendar see Jul. 40 and notes to page 20, lines 24 ff. The error of three days which had crept into the calendar between 45 B.C. and 8 B.c. was corrected by a decree of Augustus that there should be no additional days for the next twelve years. Cf. Macrob., Sat. I. 14. 14: Hic error sex et triginta annis permansit, quibus annis intercalati sunt dies duodecim cum debuerint intercalari novem. Sed hunc quoque errorem sero deprehensum correxit Augustus, qui annos duodecim sine intercalari die transigi iussit, ut illi tres dies, qui per annos triginta et sex vitio sacerdotalis festinationis excreverant, sequentibus annis duodecim nullo die intercalato devorarentur.

15. Sextilem mensem, etc. : Dio (LV. 6. 6 f.) gives the date of the change from Sextilis to Augustus as 8-7 B.C.

17. quod hoc sibi, etc.: for his first consulship see note to page 60, line 9. Octavian entered Alexandria on August first, 30 B.C. (note to page 55, line 15) and fifteen years later Drusus defeated the Vindelici and other tribes on the same day, according to Horace (Od. IV. 14. 34 ff.):

Nam tibi quo die

Portus Alexandrea supplex

Et vacuam patefecit aulam,
Fortuna lustro prospera tertio
Belli secundos reddidit exitus.

Possibly the victory over Sextus Pompeius was won in August; see note to page 53, line 25. Cf. Dio LV. 6. 7. But the battle of Actium occurred