See Grammar, § 251, note 1. Recipit. Recipere, equal to "to admit of."

CHAP. 27.-Incautius, equal to languidius. Understand "than was proper under the circumstances." In occulto, "out of sight." The vinea would protect the besiegers as well from the observation as from the missiles of the enemy. CHAP. 28.-Dejecti, 66 dislodged." Compare vii. 63, dejectos principatu. Obviam contra. Each of these words has its own appropriate meaning. Obviam signifies merely "to meet" the enemy, whereas contra contains the idea of opposition or hostility. Continenti impetu, "in a continuous rush." That is, without stopping. Genabensi cæde. See vii. 3. Multa jam nocte, "the night being already far spent." Disparandos. Equivalent to separandos or dispertiendos.

CHAP. 29.-Demitterent. Se animo demittere, equal to "to lose courage. Rerum proventus, "issues of affairs." Consensu. This is an old form of the dative, equal to consensui. See vi. 42. Ab his impetrari ut, &c., "that they should be prevailed upon."

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CHAP. 30.-Re integra, "when the matter was as yet undecided," i.c., before the siege of Avaricum. Ex contrario, on the contrary." Consternati, "roused." Equivalent to concitati. Insueti laboris, unaccustomed to labour." (Grammar, § 160.)

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CHAP. 31.-Animo laborabat, "exerted himself seriously." Id quod. A collective expression for ea copiæ quæ. Conduxerat, supply mercede, "had engaged as mercenaries." Comp. ii. 1, ad conducendos homines. CHAP. 32.-Maxime necessario tempore, on a most urgent occasion." By the expression necessarium tempus is meant an occasion on which there is an urgent necessity for some thing or course of action. Rem, supply publicam. Magnæ cognationis. Equivalent to cui magni essent cognati. Translate, "of extensive connexions." Suas cujusque eorum clientelas, supply esse, "and that each of them had his own following." Clientelas is put for clientes, the abstract for the concrete.

CHAP. 33.-Detrimentosum. This epithet appears only to be found in this passage. Decetiam, now Decizes, an island in the river Loire. Alio tempore atque, at a different time from." Atque is put for quam. Renuntiatum, "appointed." The original meaning is "to announce as elected." Intermissis magistratibus. The meaning is most probably, "at a time when there were no magistrates." There is, however, another reading, intromissis.

CHAP. 34.-Elaver is the river Alier, which flows into the Loire at Nevers. Ab altera parte, on the opposite side."

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CHAP. 35.-Eregione, "opposite." It is most commonly constructed with the genitive, as occurs five lines farther on. Necubi. This word is a compound of ne, which indicates a negative purpose, and the adverb ubi (cubi). It means, "that nowhere," or "lest any where." Conjecturam caperet, "he guessed."

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CHAP. 36.-Quintis castris, "on the fifth day." Literally, "in the fifth encampment." The Romans constructed a regular camp at every place in which they passed the night. Non prius agendum, that no steps should be taken." Qua despici poterat, "where there was a view down." Supply in castra Romana. With despici compare the substantive despectus in ii. 29, and vii. 79. Interjectis sagittariis, "with an intermixture of archers." Periclitaretur, &c. A very similar sentence is found in ii. 8. Circumcisus, "precipitous." Equivalent to abscisus or abruptus. Tamen. That is, in spite of the hill being strongly fortified. Commeare, "to come and go."

CHAP. 37.-Demonstravimus. See chap. 33. Præmium communicat, "he shares the bribe." It is mentioned in the previous sentence that he was sollicitatus pecunia. Imperio, equal to ad imperium. Distineat. Distineo is literally, "to keep apart.' Here its meaning is the same as prohibeo. Transducta, "brought over." That is, from the side of the Romans to that of Vercingetorix. Sic tamen ut, &c., "only so far, however, as to have upheld before him a most righteous cause." What Convictolitanis here intimates is that he was only slightly indebted to Cæsar, as from the justice of his claim Cæsar was bound to decide in his favour.

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CHAP. 38.-Indicta causa, "without having been permitted to plead their cause." For a similar phrase compare infecta re (vii. 17). Quasi vero, 'as if indeed." An ironical expression. Consilii, "a matter for deliberation." Persequamur, "let us avenge.' Ejus præsidii fiducia. Equal to fiducia sola, "the only ones on whom they would rely."

CHAP. 39.-Traditum, "recommended." Summis opibus, "to the best of their ability." Levi momento, "of slight importance." Momentum is a contraction of movimentum, and means that which has power to move the scale or turn the balance.

CHAP. 40.-Nulla interposita dubitatione, equivalent to sine mora. The phrase literally imports that there was no hesitation during the period which intervened between the receipt of the intelligence and the decisive action which followed. Posita in celeritate, "to depend upon despatch." Necessario tempore. See vii. 32. Permoveantur, supply animo, "that they might not be alarmed." Cupidissimis omnibus, "all being most eager.' In extrema fortuna. Fortuna is one of a number of Latin words each of which is capable of bearing two exactly opposite significations. Here, of course, it signifies misfortune.

CHAP. 41.-Eisdem, "without being relieved." Quibus is, of course, the dative of the agent, as usual with the gerundive construction, and eisdem is in apposition to quibus. Eorum. That is, after the temporary departure of the enemy.

CHAP. 42.-Illi hominum generi. The race referred to is that of the Gauls in general. Their mental characteristics are described in iv. 5. Rem proclinatam, "the unfavourable position of affairs." Proclinatus has the signification of inclined to evil. Ad sanitatem reverti. By sanitas is meant "sound views," or a true idea of one's circumstances and duty. The same phrase occurs in i. 42. Cabillono. Cabillonum is the modern Chalons-sur-Saône.

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CHAP. 43.-Quæstionem decernunt, supply habendam. "They decree that an investigation shall be held.” Publicant, "they confiscate." Sui purgandi causa. Se purgare, equal to "to clear oneself." Compare i. 28, "si sibi purgati esse vellent." Compendio capti, 'captivated by the gain." The derivation of compendium is, of course, cum and pendo, but it is difficult to trace the meaning. Ea res, that is, the plundering of the goods. Nihil gravius judicare. In idiomatic English, "that he thought no worse of." Gravius statuere occurs in i. 20. Deminuere, supply quidquam. Compare i. 53. Nata, "arising."

CHAP. 44.-Minora castra. See vii. 36. Aliter sentire quin. This is not a usual construction. It seems, however, to mean simply that they "had no doubt."

CHAP. 45.-Impedimentorum. Here, probably, the word impedimenta

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as

"2

means baggage animals. The que has an explanatory force only. Stramenta are the burdens or baggage itself. Ut erat, &c. Ut, equal to far as. "Compare iv. 3. Certi quid esset," what certainty there was,' i.e., what amount of reality there was in this apparent movement of the Romans. Illo. The adverb, "to that place." Insignibus. By insignia are meant the ornamental parts of the armour, especially of the helmets. Compare ii. 20. Raros, a few at a time." Occasionis esse rem. Compare chap. 38, "consilii sit res."

CHAP. 46.-Recta regione, "in a straight line." Amfractus. This word signifies "a curve or winding," and is derived from the old preposition ambi, abbreviated into amb, am, an, and frango. Ambi is identical with the Greek ȧupí. Ad molliendum clivum, "to mitigate the ascent." Densissimis castris. Densus means "close together." Trinis castris. Distributive numerals are used instead of cardinals with substantives that have no singular, or have in the plural a different meaning from what they have in the singular. Grammar, § 49, note i.

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CHAP. 47.-Receptui cani, supply tuba. Quacum erat contionatus. The ordinary construction is contionari apud aliquem. Satis magna vallis, "a tolerably large valley." The valley was large enough to produce this result. Tamen. This means, in spite of their not having heard the signal. Sese ejecerunt, "fled precipitately." See iv. 15, v. 15, &c. Pectoris fine. Equivalent to pectore tenus, up to their breast." Neque commissurum, ut, &c, "and would not make the mistake of allowing," &c. Tres suos manipulares. Equivalent to tres ex suis manipularibus. CHAP. 48.-Convenerant. See vii. 44. Oppidum teneri. Understand qui nuntiabant, from the preceding nuntiis. Obtestari. Supply ut fortiter contra Romanos pugnarent. Spatio pugnæ, "by the long duration of the engagement."

CHAP. 50.-Ab latere aperto. Compare ii. 23. Similitudine armorum. The Edui were armed after the Gallic fashion. Although in alliance with Rome, they would still retain their national equipment. Dextris humeris exsertis, "with their right shoulders bare." The transitive verb exsero means to protrude or put forward. Sui fallendi causa. Sui of course refers to the Romans. Excidere. Equivalent to perrumpere or perfringere. Quem. The antecedent to quem is implied in meæ vitæ (Grammar, § 195).

CHAP. 51.-Intolerantius, "too impetuously." Elsewhere we have cupidius in a similar sense. Exceperunt, "relieved." Infestis signis. Almost equivalent to conversis signis. An instance of metonymy, i.e., the epithet which properly belongs to the soldiers themselves is transferred to their standards. Desiderati, "missing."

CHAP. 52.-Signo recipiendi, supply se or sui, the ordinary phrase for "to retreat" being se recipere. Exposito. Literally, "it having been explained." In many instances, e.g., audito, comperto, nuntiato, the ablative absolute consists of a participle alone in the neuter gender. Plus sentire de, "that they knew more of" or "had a better insight into." Modestiam, "moderation," has of course a different meaning under different circumstances. The modestia of a soldier is strict obedience.

CHAP. 53.-Ad extremum, "in conclusion." Atque eo secundo, "and that a successful one."

CHAP. 54.-Appellatus. Appellare is often used in the sense of adire, "to call upon" or to visit." Cæsar was here in the position of a man 66 'receiving a deputation." Admaturari. The preposition ad has here

an intensive force, as in adamare, addubitare, &c. The present infinitive is put for the future, as indicating that the issue expected was immediate and certain.

CHAP. 55.-Noviodunum. Nevers, on the river Loire. Cognovissent. Cognoscere is to "get to know," hence, to hold an investigation or inquiry. As cognosco is a "verb of knowing," it is followed here by the accusative with the infinitive. Negotiandi aut itineris causa. Those who were there negotiandi causa were traders, the others, persons who for various reasons were passing through the locality. Quod subito potuerunt, as far as they were able in a hurry." Quod is here equivalent to quantum. Corruperunt, "they spoiled." Adductos inopia, “under compulsion of want." Ex nivibus creverat, "had swollen in consequence of the melted snows."

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CHAP. 56.-Si esset periclitandum, even if he should have to run a risk." Si has here the force of etiam si. Tum maxime, "and especially." Abjuncto Labieno. Equivalent to Labieno (dative) quem abjunxerat. Abjungo is a rare word, the ordinary compound being

sejungo.

CHAP. 57.-Agendici. Agendicum is the modern town of Sens. See vi. 44. Lutetiam. Lutetia Parisiorum is the modern city of Paris. See vi. 4. Tamen. That is, in spite of his age and infirmities. Animum advertisset. Equivalent to animadvertisset. Paludem, now Le Marais. Impediret, rendered impassable."

CHAP. 58.-Confieri. Equivalent to confici. A rare instance of fieri in composition. Melodunum, now Melun. Diximus, supply positam esse. Eo. Here the adverb eo is put for iis, as it is for in eos in i. 43. Secundo flumine, "down the stream." The opposite expression, up the stream," is adverso flumine. See vii. 60.

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CHAP. 59. Audiebatur," was reported." Secundo motu, "the successful rising." Motus frequently denotes a renewal of hostilities by those who have been previously reduced to a state of subjugation. Itinere et Ligeri. This is an instance of the figure hendiadys. "From the passage and from the Liger," is equivalent to "from crossing the Liger." Per se infideles, of themselves disaffected." Opinionem virtutis, "reputation for valour." Compare ii. 4. Maximum flumen, i.e., the Sequana.

CHAP. 60.-Adverso flumine, "up the stream."

CHAP. 61.-Uno fere tempore, "almost at the same moment." A similar expression is met with in ii. 19. Sub lucem, "about daybreak." These words are added as an explanation of uno tempore. Tumultuari. Tumultuor, though a deponent verb, is here used in a passive sense. E regione castrorum, "opposite the camp." Compare vii. 35 and 36. Metiosedum, perhaps Meudon, to the south of Paris. CHAP. 62.-Aderat. Adesse signifies to be present with a view to rendering assistance. Neque potuerunt, "but yet were not able." The adversative use of neque, when it is equivalent to neque tamen. CHAP. 63.-Horum supplicio, i.e., by putting them to death. Ad unum, "to a man. Illi. The Remi and Lingones. Requirunt, 'they feel the loss of."

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CHAP. 64.-Ei rei, supply perficiendæ. Huc, "and further." Huc, equal to ad hoc or ad hanc rem. Ab superiore bello. See i. 7,." Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant." This occurred in B.C. 66 and 63. Resedisse," had settled."

CHAP. 65.-Ad hoc, "to meet this." Ad, equal to contra. L. Cæsare. A kinsman of C. Julius Cæsar. He was consul in B.C. 64, and sub.

sequently joined the party of Pompey. Nulla re sublevari poterat, "could receive no assistance." Sed et. If these words are correct, non solum must be understood before a tribunis. Evocatis. The evocati were soldiers who had served their time, but were induced to re-enlist by the offer of higher pay and peculiar privileges.

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CHAP. 66.-Toti Galliæ imperati, "demanded of the whole of Gaul." Compare i. 7, &c. Trinis castris. Compare chap. 47. Reliqui temporis. Reliqui, equal to futuri. Parum profici, that but little advantage was being gained." De equitibus hostium. Connect these words with dubitare.

CHAP. 67.-A primo agmine, "in front." Agmen has here its proper meaning of an army on the march, acies being an army drawn up in line of battle. Una is here equivalent to uno tempore. Flumen. The Arar (Saône). Proximis comitiis, "at the last election." See chap. 33. Cæsar here speaks more Romano.

CHAP. 68.-Ut collocaverat, "in the same order as he had drawn them up." Alesiam. The modern village of Alise, on Mount Auxois. Altero die, on the second day." Equitatu, "in their cavalry." The ablative of limitation.

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CHAP. 69.-In colle summo, "at the top of a hill." Compare prima luce in i. 22, and the note there. Admodum edito loco, "in a very high position." The hill itself was of great height, and the town was placed at the top of it. Radices. In English we say the "foot" of a hill. Duo flumina. The small rivers Lutosa and Osera, now Oze and Ozerain. Maceriam. Maceria or maceries, equal to a wall of stone or bricks, with earth between them. The derivation is said to be from macer, because no mortar was used in their construction. Castella, "forts" or "redoubts." Castellum is the diminutive form of castrum. Excubitores, "sentinels."

CHAP. 70.-Opere. That is, opus urbis oppugnandæ.

Intermissam

collibus, "in the midst of the hills," or "clear of the hills." Compare the use of intermissum in chap. 71. Angustioribus portis relictis. These words explain the following coartantur. The Gauls were crowded together, because only the narrower gates had been left open. Veniri ad se, "that the enemy were coming to them." Literally, "that an advance was being made," &c.

CHAP. 71.-Dimittere. For dimittendi, compare profugere in vii. 26. This use of the infinitive instead of the genitive of the gerund is fre quent after consilium and tempus. See Grammar, § 251, note i. Ratione inita, "having made a calculation." Exigue, "barely." Qua erat nostrum opus intermissum, "where there was a break in our siegeworks."

CHAP. 72.-Directis lateribus, "with straight (i.e., perpendicular) sides." The banks of this ditch did not slope towards the bottom, and hence the space at the bottom would be as broad as at the top. Solum, "the bottom." Totum opus. By opus is meant the whole extent of the fortifications. Corona militum, "with a ring of soldiers." Destinatos, "engaged in," or "occupied with." Destinatus is here equivalent to intentus. Loricam, a parapet." Cervis. Cervi are forked branches or trunks of trees, and are so called from their similarity to a stag's horn. Ad commissuras, "at the joining.

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CHAP. 73.-Delibratis, "stripped of their bark" (liber). Perpetua fossa. Literally, "continuous ditches." These were, however, all parts of the same circuit, although commenced at different places, and therefore the meaning is, "a continuous ditch." Quinos pedes