gigantic proportions, some of its ruins still measuring seventy feet in height, whilst its length and breadth were truly palatial.

4. gloria: Cicero says of Aemilius Paullus (Off. II. 76), omni Macedonum gaza potitus nihil domum suam intulit praeter memoriam nominis sempiternam. iniuriae licentiam, the power to do harm.

5. hi, the Romans of to-day, in antithesis to maiores nostri.· socii: in Sallust and Cicero, are the inhabitants of the conquered provinces in opposition to cives. -id demum : merely repeats iniuriam facere; a colloquial way of putting the thought strongly.

XIII. 1. Nam, here is not a causal conjunction, introducing the proof of what precedes, but emphasizes what follows as especially worthy of note. -memorem: is in the subjunctive because the question is deliberative. A. & G. 268; G. 468; H. 484, V. — privatis: Sallust uses this word because he mentally compares them with King Xerxes, of whom another writer relates, subvertit montes (Mt. Athos) et maria constravit (he bridged the Hellespont). Pompey called Lucullus Xerxes togatus (Vell. II. 33). By subvortit montes Sallust alludes to Pompey's cutting through the hills between his fish-ponds at Bauli and the sea, to supply them with salt water. By constravit maria he refers to the great buildings erected in the sea by the Roman grandees.

2. quibus .. divitiae: they seem to me to have made sport of their wealth. — quippe, for nam, as often in the historians. abuti its object is eis, the antecedent (understood) of quas.

3. ceterique cultus, and of other vicious refinements. — terra . . exquirere: terra marique quaerere was a proverbial Latin phrase expressing extreme effort to find something. Here the expression is almost literally true; for the Romans imported honey from Attica, nuts from Thasos, peacocks from Samos, fish from Spain, figs from Egypt, spices and perfumes from Syria, Arabia, and India. - dormire. . . esset: i.e. they brought on sleep artificially, especially by frequent baths. - non famem, &c.: they used artificial appetizers, and even took emetics to enable them to eat unnatural quantities of food. neque frigus, &c. they cooled and tired themselves by frequent baths.

:

4. haec resumes all the abuses enumerated above.

5. animus imbutus: Horace expresses the same thought poetically, quo semel est imbuta recens servabit odorem testa diu. The object

of the preceding chapters is to show that Catiline's conspiracy was the natural and ultimate outcome of Roman degeneracy.

XIV. 1. flagitiorum et facinorum, profligates and scoundrels. As scelus is often used for sceleratus, so flagitium and facinus are taken concretely here.

2. aleo colloquial for aleator. Observe the numerous asyndeta in this chapter. — quo. redimerit, to purchase indemnity for, &c. This was done sometimes by paying the injured party to make no charge, sometimes by bribing the jurors (iudices).

manus

3. ad hoc, moreover; a favorite phrase with Sallust.. . . sanguine: chiastic arrangement. — conscius animus, conscience; in the same way gratus animus is gratitude, and ingratus animus is ingratitude.

4. par similisque: of these words, par is the stronger; par implies equality both in quantity and quality, similis in quality only. — efficiebatur: why is the imperfect used here?

5. etiam, still; a meaning mostly confined to colloquial language. -molles, soft; therefore, easily impressed, plastic. — fluxi, flowing; therefore, unstable, changeable.

6. Nam ut. . . flagrabat, for according as they were inflamed with various fancies. — canes, equos: a passion for dogs and horses proved the ruin of many young men both in Rome and at Athens. Aristophanes at the beginning of his Clouds ridicules a young Athenian horse fancier. neque parcere: to gain his ends Catiline spared neither his fortune nor his character.

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7. quam quod . . . foret: this was felt by Sallust to be equivalent to non quod cuiquam id compertum foret; sed ex aliis rebus haec fama magis valebat; hence 1st, the use of cuiquam in a clause felt as negative; 2d, the subjunctive compertum foret in a clause felt to be a denied reason. The use of foret as an auxiliary when a real past is expressed is not found in Cicero and Caesar.

XV. 1. cum sacerdote Vestae: Fabia, the sister of Cicero's wife, Terentia, is meant. They were tried, defended by Q. Catulus, and acquitted (73 B.C.). Who were the Vestals? - ius fasque: a current expression including all law, for ius means human, fas divine law.

- pro certo credi

2. Aureliae Orestillae: cf. ch. XXXV. 3-6. tur: owing to the use of the modifier pro certo, the personal use of

creditur appears harsh; Cicero would probably have used the acc. c. inf.

4. dis hominibusque infestus, hating both gods and men. In Sallust infestus is always active in meaning. Phrases like the present are common in Latin and Greek; cf. Cicero, Phil. II. 26, where he uses dis hominibusque hostis to express the climax of human wickedness. quietibus, sleep, as the antithesis to vigiliis proves. The plural of quies, otherwise rare, is used partly to strengthen the antithesis by its parallelism to vigiliis, partly to indicate its repetition every night. — vastabat: compare the expression vastus animus, attributed to Catiline in V. 5.

5. colos: archaic for color. Sallust also uses labos, honos, odos, and lepos. He uses them chiefly in the speeches to give these an archaic coloring. — citus. . . tardus: the typical Roman affected a dignified, even gait, as well as a serious, even stern expression of countenance. The Emperor Claudius was criticised for his jerky walk. prorsus: in fine, often introduces the last in a series of words or clauses. - facie voltuque: features and expression.

XVI. 2. illis: refers to iuventutem; synesis. - falsos: belongs both to testis and signatores; signator means the witness to a will. commodare: is a colloquial word; it is in the historical infinitive, whilst habere, as well as maiora alia, is the object of imperabat, which Sallust construes with the infinitive like moneo, hortor, &c.

3. insontis sicuti sontis, those who had not offended him as well as those who had. - gratuito, without hope of gain; frustra, on the contrary, means without the hoped-for gain. The above stories must be received with some scepticism.

4. aes. . . erat: owing to the general extravagance, many Romans throughout the empire sank deeply into debt, a circumstance that favored Catiline's designs.

5. In Italia, &c.: supply erat. — in extremis terris: Pompey was just then conducting the war against Mithradates, king of Pontus. This led him from Asia Minor to the eastermost countries at that time known to the Romans. petenti: Catiline's second candidature for the consulship (64 B.C.) is referred to. He had been a candidate in 66 B.C.; cf. ch. XVIII. - - senatus tus: as Catiline was of noble family, he was watched less closely by the senate. - sed ea of what gender is ea? why? See on I. 2.

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inten

XVII. 1. L. Caesare et C. Figulo coss.: this was the year 64 B.C. The sister of L. Julius Caesar was the mother of Mark Antony, the triumvir. — Kalendas: A. & G. 376, a; G. App.; H. 642. - magna praemia: the great advantages his plans would secure for them.

2. explorata, certain, reliable. It is an adjective; for if explorata sunt were a perf. ind., voluit ought to be voluerat. — necessitudo, want. Cicero uses necessitas in this sense as he uses claritas for Sallust's claritudo. In Cicero necessitudo means 'intimacy.' — quibus . . . inerat: Cicero would have written in quibus with inerat. With necessitudo supply erat from inerat; for Cicero would have written necessitas est alicui, not inest in aliquo.

3. senatorii ordinis: a genitive of quality, to be taken with the proper names that follow. - P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura: had been praetor in 74 and consul in 71 B.C., but in 70 he was expelled from the senate for disgraceful conduct. To secure his return to the senate, he stood for the praetorship again in 64 and was elected. -P. Autronius Paetus: was Cicero's schoolmate and colleague in the quaestorship. Cicero characterizes him as a shameless, licentious, dishonest, and violent man. His election to the consulship for 65 had been declared null and void on account of bribery. -L. Cassius: praetor in 66 B.C. One of Cicero's competitors for the consulship. — P. Cornelius Cethegus: like Lentulus he belonged to the old and noble gens Cornelia. Cethegus was a daring desperado, as he proved by his attempt to murder Q. Metellus Pius during the Sertorian War. - P. et Ser. Sullae: also of the Cornelian gens, were nephews of the great dictator Sulla.-L. Vargunteius: an athletic fellow, who had been tried for bribery; according to ch. XXVII. he attempted to assassinate Cicero. M. Porcius Laeca: at his house the conspirators met a few days before the exposure of the plot.-L. Calpurnius Bestia: was the grandson of the Bestia who was consul in 111 B.C., and was bribed by Jugurtha.-Q. Curius: of whom a fuller account is given in ch. XXIII., turned informer.

4. C. Cornelius: according to ch. XXVIII., was connected with L. Vargunteius in the attempt to murder Cicero. The other conspirators named are comparatively unknown. — multis ex coloniis et municipiis: many of Sulla's veterans had been settled in the

various colonies and municipal towns of Italy. — domi, in their own town.

5. complures nobiles: is the subject of erant.

6. pleraque in Cicero only the plural of this word is found. vivere copia erat: colloquial for vivendi copia.- incerta. malebant: this sentence is a striking illustration of Sallust's craving after variety of construction.

7. M. Licinius Crassus: the triumvir, famous for his great wealth. He defeated Spartacus in 71 B.C., though Pompey reaped the chief glory; hence their enmity. He joined Pompey and Caesar in the first triumvirate (60 B.C.), and fell at Carrhae in Mesopotamia, defeated by the Parthians (53 B.C.). — invisus ipsi: translate by a relative clause. cuiusvis: any one except Pompey; hence his sympathy with Catiline. — apud illos: i.e. coniuratos. Crassus' relations to the conspiracy are discussed more at length in XLVIII.

XVIII. 1. de qua: the relative refers to coniuratio, suggested by the verb coniuravere in the preceding sentence; this synesis is unparalleled and extremely harsh.

2. L. Tullo et M'. Lepido coss.: 66 B.C. ambitus interrogati: Cicero and Caesar do not construe interrogo as a verb of accusing (verbum iudiciale).-P. Sulla: another relative of the great Sulla, an avaricious but insignificant man. He was defended in 62 B.C. by Cicero ; Sulla on that occasion was tried for being privy to both of Catiline's plots, but acquitted. — poenas dederant: the Lex Calpurnia of 67 в.c. punished bribery with exclusion from office and pecuniary fines.

3. Post paulo: paulo post is the regular order. — pecuniarum reus, charged with extortion. He was repetundarum reus, from whom the provincials demanded the property belonging to them of right, for repeto means I demand what belongs to me. Sallust, however, is wrong here. Catiline was not indicted till 65 B.Cc. nor tried till after the election of the consuls for the year 64 B.C. The reason why he did not stand for the consulship was the refusal of the consul Tullus, on the advice of men of distinction, to recognize Catiline as a candidate. The reason of this refusal was that the people of Africa, of which province Catiline had been governor in 67 B.C., had lodged complaints of extortion against him in the