Viden'? for videsne? Video, vidi, visum? 2, v. a. and n., I see, behold; I see, perceive, observe, hear; 1 am aware, understand; I see, endure, undergo, experience; I see, go to see, call upon, wait upon; I look at, look to, consider, reflect; care for, provide, furnish, procure, prepare, conduct; I look upon, have in view, have before my eyes. Videor, visus sum, 2 (pass. of video), v. n., I am seen; I seem, have the appearance, appear, am regarded; mihi videtur, I think; visum est mihi, it has seemed good to me, I have thought it right. Vigeo, gui, 2, v. n., I live, thrive; I am lively, vigorous, brisk, active; figur. I flourish, prosper, am in high repute or estimation.

vigilantly,

Vigesimus, a, um. See vicesimus. Vigilanter (vigilans), adv., watchfully, heedfully.

Vigilia, ae, f. (vigil), a watching, a being awake, a being sleepless; watch, ward, guard by night; a watch, soldiers keeping watch, watchmen, guards; figur.: watchfulness, vigilance, care, attention. In the Roman army the night was divided into four vigiliae or watches, each of which consisted of three hours.

Vigilo, 1 (vigil), v. n., I watch, keep

awake figur.: I am watchful, vigilant, or attentive, am very careful or heedful

Viginti, indecl. num. adj., twenty.
Vilis, e, adj., of small price, cheap, low;

vile, paltry, common, worthless, trivial, indifferent, mean.

Villa, ae, f. (vicus), dim., a small building,

country-house, farm-house, country-seat. Vimen, inis, n. (vieo), any pliant twig for plaiting or binding, an osier, wicker-rod, twig, withe.

Vinaceus, a, um (vinum), adj., of or pertaining to wine; vinaceus, sc. acinus, a grape-stone.

Vincio, ni, netum, 4 (vieo), v. a.. I bind ; figur. I confine, restrict, restrain; check, impede, hold back, subdue ; I make fast, fasten, fortify, secure.

Vinco, vici, victum, 3, v a.. I conquer, vanquish, overcome; I outdo, surpass, exceed, excel; figur.: I conquer, overcome, overpower, force, constrain, master, subdue, soften.

Vinculum and vinclum, i, n. (vincio), any. thing that ties or binds, a bond, band, tie, cord.

Vindex, icis, m. and f (vindico), one that lays claim to something, a claimant; an asserter, defender, protector, maintainer, deliverer; adj., avenging, punishing; an avenger, punisher.

Vindico or vendico, 1, v. a., I claim, lay claim to, demand as my own, arrogate, appropriate, assume; I free, set free, liberate, rescue, deliver, defend, protect, save, redeem; I maintain, assert; I punish, inflict punishment; vindicare aliquem in libertatem, to assert the freedom of any one, set him free. Vinea, ae, f. (vinum), a vineyard; a roof, shed, or mantelet, under which the Romans assailed the walls of towns. Vinum,

n., wine.

Violentia, ae, f. (violens), violence, vehemence, impetuosity.

Violentus, a, um (vis), adj, using great force, impetuous, boisterous; violent, harsh.

Vir, tri, m., a man, a male person; a man grown, one grown up to man's estate; the man, husband; a genuine man, a magnanimous man, a brave man. Virgo, inis, f., a full-grown girl, maid, virgin; any unmarried woman. Virguitum, i, n. (for virguletum, from virgula), a shrub, bush, small tree; a thicket, shrubbery.

Viridis, e (virco), adj., green, young, youthful, fresh, lively, vigorous, active, strong.

Viriditas, ātis, f. (viridis), greenness, verdure; freshness, vigor.

Virilis, e (vir), adj., of a man, pertaining to a man, manly; male; becoming a man, manly, manful, valiant, brave, toga virilis, the manly gown. Virtûs, ūtis, f. (vir), manhood, virility; manliness, firmness, constancy, bravery. gallantry, valor; virtuousness, virtuous conduct; virtue, goodness, good quality, excellence; a virtue, merit, talent; power, effect; agency, service, help, aid, kindness, ability or skill in any art, art or science.

Vis, vis, pl., vires, ium f., strength, power, force, vigor; virtue, effect efficacy, potency; influence, importance, high

consideration; vehemence, violence, impetuosity, fury; force; quantity, number, multitude, abundance; of words or sentences: the force, import, meaning, signification, sense; substance, nature, essence; summa vi, with the greatest

fury. Viso, si, sum, 3 (video), v. freq. a., I see, look at, view, behold; I go or come to see; I visit.

Vitu, ae, f., life; way or manner of life; a life, biography; sustenance, support, aliment; mea vita, as a term of endearment, my life, my sweet, my treasure. Vitis, is, f., a vine; a branch of a vine. Vitium, ii, n., whatever is to be complained of as defective, wrong, or faulty in a thing, a defect, fault, blemish, flaw, imperfection, anything amiss; a moral fault, vice, impediment; inconvenience. Vito, 1, v. a., I shun, avoid, eschew, endeavor to escape, beware of. Vivi-rādiz, icis, f. (vivus radix), a quickset or plant that is set with the root. Vivo, vizi, victum, 3, v. n., I live, am alive, have life; I support life. I eat and drink ; I pass my life in a certain manner, pursue a certain course of life; I live well, live in earnest, enjoy life.

Vivus, a, um (vivo), adj., alive, living; living, green, fresh; figur.: fresh, vigorous, lively, active, strong, native. Vir, adv., with difficulty, hardly, scarcely. Vocabulum, i, n: (coco). the appellation of a thing, a name, terin, word. Voco, I (vor), v. a., I call; I call upon, invoke, implore; I call, cite, summon; I call, bid, invite; I invite, entice, attract, allure; I call out, challenge; I call, name. Volens, tis, part. (volo, velle), adj., willing. Volo, vis, vult, võlui, velle, v. a., I cry or beg for, desire, wish; I will, have a mind, am willing, choose, purpose, intend: I command, ordain, appoint; quid sibi vult? what will he have? what is his aim? Voluntarius, a, um (voluntas), adj., one who does a thing with free will, acting from choice, voluntary; v. miles, a vol

unteer.

Voluntas, atis, f. (volo, velle), the will, in

clination, wish, desire; good-will, affec tion, love, favor; disposition; intention, purpose, design; approbation, consent; ad voluntatem loqui, to speak according to the will of another; voluntate, willingly, voluntarily, of one's own will, of one's own accord.

Voluptārius, a, um (voluptas), adj, bringing pleasure or enjoyment, pleasurable, pleasant, delightful.

Võluptas, atis, f. (for volupitas, from volupe), pleasure, enjoyment, delight; voluptates, appetites, desires.

Volvo, volvi, võlūtum, 3, v. a., I roll forth,

pour forth words, speak fluently; I revolve in the mind, pouder, meditate, consider, think or reflect upon; I roll round, make to revolve, carry round.

Votum, i, n. (voveo), a vow or promise

made to some deity; a wish, wishing. Vox, vocis, f. (voco), the voice: tone, accent; a sentence, decision, judgment. Vulgāris and volgāris, e (vulgus), adj., common, ordinary, relating to all, extending to all, usual; mean, low, vile, vulgar; adv., vulgāriter.

Vulgō (vulgus), adv., among the people, in public; here and there, everywhere; often; publicly, openly, before all; commonly, generally; indiscriminately; all together.

Vulgus, i, n., people, a multitude, crowd, throng; the vulgar, the common sort, common people, populace, mob, rabble, rout; the common soldiers, privates; in vulgus, with the people, with the multitude, with the common sort, commonly, generally.

Vulnero, 1 (vulnus), v. a., I wound; figur. : I hurt, injure, pain.

Vulnus and volnus, čris, n., a hurt in the body, wound; figur.: a damage, hurt, injury, sadness; sting, mortification, calamity, misfortune; a wound of the mind, grief, pain, smart, anguish, dis

tress.

Vultus or voltus, is, m. (volo, velle), properly the will, desire expressed in the face; the face, visage, countenance, mien, aspect, features, looks.

Acastus, i, m., a freedman belonging to
Cicero.

Achaia, ae, f., the province of Achaia in the
northern part of the Peloponnesus, on
the gulf of Corinth. After the destruc-

tion of Corinth by Mummius, B. C. 146,
all of Greece was a Roman province
under the name of Achaia.
Adiatûnus, i, m. (also written Adcantuan-
nus), a chief of the Sotiates.
Aduatici, Grum, m., believed to be a Ger-
man tribe, and a remnant of the Cimbri
and Teutones. They occupied the coun-
try on the cast of the Nervii, between
the Scaldis (Scheld) and the Mosa
(Meuse).

Aedui, ōrum, m., the Aedui, one of the
most powerful tribes in all Gaul, dwell-
ing between the Liger (Loire) and the
Arar (Saone), and extending southward
as far as Lugdunum.

Acgypta, ae, m., a slave of Cicero.
Aemilius, i, m., the name of a distinguished
Roman gens. L. Aemilius, an officer in
Caesar's army, who commanded a part
of the Gallic cavalry.

Aeneas, ae, m., Aeneas, son of Venus and
Anchises, the hero of Virgil's Epic poem,
and ancestor of the Romans.
Aeschines, is, m., the orator, was born in
Attica in B. C. 389. As an orator, he was
second only to Demosthenes, his political
rival and opponent. He died in the island
of Samos at the age of 75. After he was
defeated in the prosecution of Ctesiphon
by the famous oration of Demosthenes
"on the crown" in B. C. 330, he spent

the remaining 16 years of his life in Asia
Minor, Rhodes, and Samos, as a teacher
of rhetoric.
Aeschylus, i, m., a native of Cnidus, a con-
temporary of Cicero, and one of the
most eminent rhetoricians in Asia Minor.
He accompanied Cicero on his excursions
in Asia.

Aesupus, i, m. (Clodius), the most cele-

brated tragic actor at Rome in the Cice-
ronian period, probably a freedman of the
Clodia gens. Like Roscius, he enjoyed
the intimacy of Rome's greatest orator,
who calls him noster Aesopus and noster
familiaris. During his exile, Cicero re-
ceived many valuable marks of Aesopus's
friendship. Like Roscius also, he real-
ized an immense fortune by his profes-
sion; for he died worth almost $1,000,000.
Alduasdūbis, is, m. (commonly written
Dubis), a river which comes from Mount
Jura and falls into the Arar (Saone):
now Doubs.

Allobroges, um, a Gallic people, bounded
on the north and west by the Rhodanus
(Rhone), south by the Isara (Isère), and
extending eastward to the Alps. V. Cic.
in Cat. III. 2, n. 9.

Alpes, ium, f, the Alps, a chain of moun-

tains extending in a crescent form from
the gulf of Venice to the gulf of Genoa,
and separating Italy from Gaul and
Germany.

Amanus, i, m., a mountain range, running

from northeast to southwest, between
Syria and Cilicia.

Ambarri, örum, m., the Aedui Ambarri, a

Gallic people east of the Arar (Saone),
and near its junction with the Rhodanus
(Rhone), between the Aedui and Allo-
broges.

painter in the time of Alexander the
Great.

Apulia, ae, f., a province of lower Italy,
bordering on the Adriatic sea.

Aquileia, ae, f., an important town in the
north of Italy at the head of the Adriatic.

Ambivarlti, örum, m., a people of Belgic

Gaul, probably on the left bank of the
Mosa (Meuse).

Ampius, i, m. (T.). V. Epp. Cic. XII. n. 1.
Anaxagoras, ae, m., a very distinguished
Greek philosopher of Clazomenae, born
about B. C. 499.

Andes, ium, m., a Gallic tribe north of the

Liger (Loire), and east of the Nannetes,
near the modern Anjou.
Andocumborius, i, m., an ambassador sent
from the Remi to Caesar.
Andricus, i, m., a slave of Cicero.
Annius, i, m. (Q.), a senator and one of
Catiline's conspirators, B. C. 63. He was
not taken with Cethegus and the others,
and nothing is known of his future fate.
Antiochia, ae, f., Antioch, the chief city in
Syria.

Antiochus, i, m., a native of Ascalon in

southern Palestine, and a teacher at
Athens in B. C. 79.

"Antonius, i, m. (C.), surnamed Hybrida,

was the son of M. Antonius, the orator,
and the uncle of M. Antonius, the trium-
vir. In his praetorship (65) and consul-
ship (63) he had Cicero as his colleague.
According to most accounts, Antony
was one of Catiline's conspirators, and
his well-known extravagance and rapa-
city seem to render this probable. Cicero
gained him over to his side by promising
him the rich province of Macedonia, in
which he would have a better opportunity
of amassing wealth than in the other
consular province of Gaul. Antony had
to lead an army against Catiline, but, un-
willing to fight against his former friend,
he gave the command on the day of battle
to his legate, M. Petreius. V.Sall. XXVI.
n. 7. Epp. Cic. II. n. 19.
Apamea, ae, f., a considerable town in
Phrygia Major, on the river Meander.
"Apelles, is, m., a distinguished Greek

divisions into which Caesar divided Gaul,
bounded on the north by the Garumna
(Garonne), and on the south by the
Pyrenees.

Arae Alexandri, a place near Issus, where
Alexander, having defeated Darius,
consecrated three altars to Jupiter,
Hercules, and Minerva, as memorials of
his victory.

Arar, ăris, and Arăris, is, m., the river

Arar, now the Saone, which separates
the territory of the Aedui from that of the
Sequani and unites with the Rhodanus
(Rhone), at Lugdunum (Lyons).
Archēlāus, i, m., the son of Perdiccas II.,
was king of Macedonia from B. C. 413
to 399.

Ariobarzanes, is, m., the name of three
kings of Cappadocia : 1. Surnamed Phi-
loromacus, was elected king by the Cap-
padocians, under the direction of the
Romans, about B. C. 93. He was several
times expelled from his kingdom by
Mithridates, and as often restored by the
Romans. 2. Surnamed Philopater, suc-
ceeded his father B. C. 63. He was as-
sassinated (Epp. Cic. XIX. 5). 3. Sur-
named Euscbes and Philoromaeus, suc-
ceeded his father not long before B. C.
51. While Cicero was in Cilicia, he
protected him from a conspiracy which
was formed against him, and established
him in his kingdom.

Ariovistus, i, m., a powerful German chief,
who engaged in war against Caesar in
Gaul, B. C. 58, and was totally defeated.
Aristides, is, m., called "the just," on ac-
count of his integrity, was a distin-
guished Athenian statesman and general,
and the contemporary and rival of
Themistocles.

Artuasdes, is, m., a king of Armenia Major.
Arverni, ōrum, m., a powerful people in the
southern part of Celtic Gaul, occupying
the district now called Auvergne.

Astura, ae, f., a town of Latium, situated

on an island in the river Astura, near
which Cicero had a villa.
Athenais, dis, f, the wife of Ariobarzanes

III., king of Cappadocia.

Athenae, arum, f., the capital of Attica and
the most illustrious city, not only of
Greece, but of the whole of the ancient
world. It was situated between the
Cephissus and Ilissus about 30 stadia, or
34 miles, from the sea-coast.
athenaeus, i, m., a Cappadocian, who had
been banished at the instance of Queen
Athenais, but through the influence of
Cicero was restored, B. C. 51.

Atrātus, i, m., a small river in the vicinity
of Rome.

Atrēbātes, um, m., a powerful people of
Belgic Gaul, in the district now called
Artois.

insula Batavorum, formed by the Rhenus,
Vahalis, Mosa, and Ocean.

Belgae, arum, m., the Belgians, an exceed-
ingly warlike people of German and Cel-
tic origin, who inhabited the country
between the Rhenus (Rhine), the Ma-
trona (Marne), and Sequana (Seine), and
the Fretum Gallicum (English Channel).
Bellováci, ōrum, m., the most powerful
among the Belgic tribes, between the
Sequana (Seine) and Isara (Oise), but
occupying both banks of the latter river.
Traces of the name may he found in the
modern Beauvais.

Bestia, ae, n. (L. Calpurnius), a senator,
one of the Catilinarian conspirators, and
a tribune of the plebs in B. C. 63.
Bibracte, is, n., the chief town of the Aedui,
later Augustodunum, whence its modern
name Autun.

Cic. II. n. 6.

Aulerci, örum, m., a name applied to sev-
eral small tribes in Celtic Gaul, between
the Sequana (Seine) and the Liger(Loire).
Aurelia (Orestilla), ae, f., a beautiful but
profligate woman, whom Catiline mar-

ried.

about eight miles north of the Axona
(Aisne), now Bièvre.

Bigerriōnes, um, m., a people in the south
of Aquitanian Gaul, at the foot of the
Pyrenees.

Bito, onis, m., and Cleobis, is, m., the sons
of Cydippe, a priestess of Hera at Argos.

Autronius, i, m. (P. — Paetus), a senator,
and one of Catiline's accomplices. He
was Cicero's fellow-pupil in boyhood,
and colleague in the quaestorship. He
was elected consul for the year 65 B. C.;
but having been, together with his col-
league, P. Cornelius Sulla, accused of
bribery and condemned, their election
was declared null, and their accusers,
L. Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Tor-
quatus, were elected consuls in their
stead. He was subsequently tried, con-
demned, and banished for the share he
had in Catiline's conspiracy.
Azona, ac, l, a river of Belgic Gaul (now
the Aisne), which, flowing southwest-
erly, joins the Isara (Oise), and falls with
it into the Sequana (Seine).

B

Baculus, i, m. (P. Sextius), a centurion in
Caesar's army of the first rank.
Batăvi, ōrum, m., the inhabitants of the

the Aedui, from whom they were sep-
arated by the Liger (Loire).
Boduognātus, i, m., a leader of the Nervii.
Boii, Grum, m., the Boii, on the west of the
Liger (Loire), which separated them from
the Aedui, were a widely scattered Celtic
race, branches of which dwelt in the east
of Germany (Bohemia, i. e. the country
of the Boii), and in the north of Italy.
Caesar, after defeating the Helvetii, with
whom they formed an alliance to invade
Gaul (B. C. 58), allowed the Boii to
dwell among the Aedui.
Bratuspantium, i. n., a town of the Bello-

vaci.

Brundisium, i, n. V. Cic. pro Lege Manil.

XII. n. 5.

Bruttium, i, n. the country of the Bruttii,
the southwestern extremity of Italy, is
surrounded on three sides by the sea, and
bounded in the north by Lucania.
Brutus, i, m., D. (Junius) Brutus (Albinus),
an officer serving under Caesar in Gaul.
Caesar had great confidence in him, giv
ing him, even when a young man, the