3. māxuma: 'this is the greatest power entrusted by the Senate to a magistrate, authorizing him,' etc.

5. mīlitiaeque : in reality the consul at all times possessed absolute authority in the army outside of the city, unless superseded by a dictator. iudicium: investing the consul with 'supreme judicial authority' suspended the iūs prōvocātiōnis, i.e. the right of every citizen to appeal to the people against any sentence of capital or corporal punishment. 6. aliter, etc.: this sweeping assertion is inaccurate. For certainly the consul had the right to levy troops, as well as to coerce the allies, without the order of the people. The senātūs cōnsultum simply gave him the same authority in the city that he possessed abroad. nūllīus: objective genitive with iūs.

$ 30. 9. Faesulis: 'from Faesulae.' 11. ante diem, etc.: compute the date. B. 371; A. 376; H. 754; G. pp. 491–492. Kalendās: how governed? B. 371, 6; A. 259, e; H. 754, 111, 3; G. p. 491. Novembris: what part of speech? what case? 12. portenta atque prōdigia: it was said that there were earthquakes, that thunderbolts fell from a cloudless heaven, and that torches were seen blazing in the western sky after sunset. 13. Capuae: notwith. standing the terrible punishment meted out to Capua for opening its gates to Hannibal, B.C. 211, it was still a prosperous city, noted for its schools of gladiators and its great slave market. 14. Āpūlia: a grazing country, where slaves were employed to watch the herds. Owners of large estates found this much more profitable than farming, as the latter could not be trusted to slaves, and therefore necessitated a large expenditure in hiring competent men.

15. senātī: an early form, after the analogy of the second declension, for senātūs. In the Catiline, Sallust uses senātī three times, and only before decrētum. Q. Mārcius Rex: as proconsul of Cilicia, B.C. 67, he had been of very little assistance to Lucullus in the Mithridatic War. In 66, in accordance with the terms of the Manilian law, he was superseded by Pompey, at the time when the command of the army of Lucullus was transferred to Pompey. This, however, did not prevent Marcius from claiming a triumph on his return to Italy. Q. Metellus Crēticus had done excellent service in subduing Crete in 67, but his claim to a triumph was also disputed by Pompey's friends, on the ground that the Gabinian law had given Pompey authority over all lands in the Mediterranean, — which, of course, included Crete. Hence, the triumph belonged to Pompey

rather than to Metellus. However, Metellus did obtain a triumph finally, in B.C. 62.

17. ad urbem: if a victorious general entered the walls of the city, he thereby forfeited his imperium, and with it all right to celebrate a triumph. To avoid this difficulty, the Senate usually met outside the city, in the temple of Apollo or Bellona, to decide whether the general was entitled to a triumph. The most important of the conditions to be fulfilled were: (1) the general must have held the office of dictator, consul, or praetor; (2) the war must have been waged against a foreign country, no triumph being granted in a civil war; (3) the dominion of Rome must have been extended; (4) the enemy must have been reduced to an actual state of peace, admitting of the withdrawal of the Roman soldiers that they might participate in the triumph at Rome.

17. triumphārent: the Senate led the procession, being followed by the trumpeters. Then came wagons and litters piled high with booty, while captive kings and princes marched along, some in sad submission, others in haughty disdain. Next was seen the victorious general, arrayed in an embroidered toga, proudly driving an ivory chariot drawn by four horses. Last of all came the valiant soldiers, whose efforts had contributed so much to the success of the expedition. The procession moved up the celebrated Via Sacra, through

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Page 21. 1. senātūs cōnsultum (of October 21st): if a measure passed by the Senate was not vetoed, either by the magistrate who convoked the Senate or by some other magistrate who was his equal or superior, it was assumed that it would pass in the popular assemblies, and was then called senatus consultum, i.e. 'an ordinance of the senate.' But if it was vetoed, it was merely auctoritas senātūs, i.e. the deliberate utterance of the Senate.' It was not absolutely binding in either case. But so great was the influence of the Senate, that its advice was very rarely disregarded by either magistrates or people.

2. in tabulis: bronze or marble tablets on which the laws were inscribed. After being displayed in public for seventeen days, they were stored away in the treasury (aerārium). 3. interfectum esse: a few verbs of wishing and necessity are sometimes followed by the perfect passive infinitive, instead of the usual present, especially in early Latin. 6. dicere: the present infinitive regularly follows memini, when the latter refers to a personal experience. 10. hominem: contemptuous,

'the fellow.'

the Forum, to the Temple of Jupiter, where the general and his army paid their vows to the gods, under whose auspices the victory had been won.

18. calumniā paucōrum: as though a few unprincipled men were accustomed to block action by the Senate until they had received bribes for changing their opinion. In this case, however, the obstructionists were Pompey's friends. 19. Q. Pompēius Rufus afterward became governor of Africa (B.č. 61). Nothing more is known of him. 20. Q. Metellus Celer interests us as being the friend to whom Cicero gave the proconsulship of his province, Gallia Citerior, in в.c. 62. 22. indicāvisset: indirect discourse for the direct indicaverit, as quoting the words of the decree.

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Page 22. 1. praemium: estimate the value of the reward in our own currency; see sestertius and sestertium in Vocab. 2. sēstertia centum: the distributive - rather than the ordinal — is the rule with sēstertium. 4. gladiātōriae familiae: any number of gladiators under the care of a trainer (lanista) constituted 'a gladiatorial family.' Capuam note the omission of the preposition with the name of a town, and compare in . . . mūnicipia; find other examples in this section of the use and omission of the preposition in relations of place. 6. vigiliae: not the 7000 men regularly constituting the fire and police department, but special watchmen, detailed for this particular occasion. minōrēs magistrātūs: including the plebeian aedile, and quaestors, and especially three police superintendents known as the trēsvirī nocturnī or capitālēs.

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Page 22. 1. Palāti: an isolated hill, the strongest position in Rome commanding the Forum, and therefore a natural point of attack for the conspirators. Moreover, it had become the fashionable quarter of the city, and contained many fine residences belonging to the wealthy and noble. Hence it needed an especially strong garrison both night and day. Cicero's house, as well as Catiline's, was on this hill. In the time of the emperors, it was the site of many of their palaces, and this fact gave rise to our own word palace. nihil: such repetition of a word for rhetorical effect is called anaphora. 3. mūnītissimus habendī senātūs locus: on the brow of the Palatine hill, 141 feet above the Tiber, was the splendid Temple of Jupiter Stator, in which—as being safer than the Curia in the Forum-Cicero assembled the Senate on November 8, 63. He also took the precaution of surrounding the temple with a guard of knights. hōrum:

Anxiety in Rome; scene in the Senate when Catiline attempts to reply to Cicero's oration against him. Section 31.

§ 31. 9. ex after.' diuturna quiēs: fifteen years had elapsed since the last civil struggle had been fought in the streets of Rome between the consuls, Lepidus and Catulus (B.C. 78). 10. omnis: notice the quantity of the last syllable. 14. rei publicae genitive modifying magnitudine, which is an ablative of cause. 19. eadem, etc.: 'persisted in the same plans.' 20. Plautia: see Vocab. interrogātus erat: see note to 12,

27; the trial never took place. Catiline, however, with an air of injured innocence, offered to put himself under the surveillance of any responsible citizen. He even had the audacity to beg Cicero to watch him, at his home, -a dangerous task, which the consul promptly declined. 21. L. Paulo: see Vocab.

7. te

Page 23. 3. ōrātiōnem: the first oration against Catiline, November 8, 63 B.C. 4. quam posteā scrīptam ēdidit: Cicero published this, as well as the rest of his consular speeches, in в.c. 60. Hence it was unnecessary for Sallust to reproduce it here. mere: not from timeō. 8. eā familiā, etc.: i.e. his family connections and his public career were such as to warrant the hope that he would receive every state honor. 9. nē exīstumārent, etc. : '(he begged them) not to imagine that he, a patrician, who had conferred many favors - on his own part and through his ancestors upon the Roman people, wanted to ruin the state, when M. Tullius, an immigrant citizen of the city of Rome, was for saving it.'

i.e. the senators. ōra voltüsque: 'the expression on the faces'; what rhetorical figure is given here? B. 374, 4; A. 385 1; H. 751, 3, N.; G. 698. 6. in aedem Iovis Statōris: a temple vowed by Romulus to Jupiter, for staying the flight of the Romans in their battle with the Sabines. 7. ad patrēs cōnscriptōs: the origin of this expression is still uncertain. Some would interpose et, believing that patres was the title of the patrician members of the Senate during the monarchy, and that some time after the establishment of the Republic a number of plebeians were enrolled, and hence addressed as conscripti. Others think that there was no such distinction, and that the phrase means simply enrolled senators.' 11. subselliōrum: wooden benches without backs; the consulārēs (members of consular rank), alluded to by Cicero as principēs ēius ōrdinis, occupied seats near the praetorii, the class to which Catiline belonged.

11. perditā: B. 337, 5; A. 292, a ; H. 636, 4; G. 664, 2. 12. inquilīnus cīvis: a sneer at Cicero, whose family did not move from Arpinum to Rome until he was about eight years old. As a matter of fact, however, Arpinum had received full rights of Roman citizenship as early as B.C. 188. This is the only passage where inquilīnus — usually a noun—is treated as an adjective. 16. incendium, etc. : 'I will quench the fire (in which they hope to envelop me) in the ruins of the city.' Cicero declares that this remark was made by Catiline to Cato before the election, when Cato threatened to prosecute him ; see prō Mūrēnā, XXV, 51.

Catiline sets out for the camp of Manlius. Section 32.

§ 32. 18. curia: not the senate house (Curia Hostilia), but, in a wider sense, 'the Senate.' 19. consulī: dative dependent on the verbal noun insidiae.

6. man

Page 24. 3. legiōnēs scriberentur: see 21, 19–22. dat followed by three object clauses, (1) opēs. . . cōnfirment, (2) insidiās... mātūrent, (3) caedem . parent, without ut. Observe that the historical present, mandat, has both the secondary (possent) and primary (cōnfirment) sequence. With the secondary tense, the historical present is felt according to the sense, which is past; with the primary according to the time, which is present.

Letters written by Manlius and Catiline to arouse sympathy for their cause. Sections 33-35.

§ 33. 11. ex suō numerō = ex suōrum numerō. 14. nōs, etc.: construe, nōs arma cēpisse, neque contrā patriam, neque quō, etc. 16. qui: in what word is the antecedent of qui contained? 17. faenerātōrum: the legal rate of interest was 1 per cent, payable monthly, or more than 12 per cent a year; but that did not prevent

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Page 23. 1. Hic: 'At this point.' 6. ei: B. 189, 2; A. 232, a; H. 431, 2; G. 354. 8. pararet: by what tense should this be rendered, and why? B. 260, 4; A. 277, b; H. 535, 1; G. 234. secūrēs . . . fasces: symbols of the consul's imperium, which Catiline proposed to assume at once. 9. aquilam illam argenteam: a standard which had been carried in the army of Marius in his campaign against the Cimbri, and which was therefore regarded with great veneration.