TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION.

PAGE

ix

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM: THE MODE OF ITS SOLUTION . . . 1

The question.-The two theories of man's origin.—The argument purely
historical.-Means of tracing man's ancestry and history.-Classification.
-Ontogenesis and Phylogenesis.

CHAPTER II

PROTOZOA TO WORMS: CELLS, TISSUES, AND ORGANS. 32

Amoeba: Its anatomy and physiology.-Development of the cell.-

Hydra: The development of digestive and reproductive organs, and of
tissues.-Forms intermediate between amoeba and hydra: Magosphæra,
volvox.-Embryonic development.-Turbellaria: Appearance of a body
wall, of ganglion, and nerve-cords.

Worms and the development of organs.-Mollusks: The external protec-

tive skeleton leads to degeneration or stagnation.-Annelids and arthro-

pods: The external locomotive skeleton leads to temporary rapid advance,

but fails of the goal.-Its disadvantages.-Vertebrates: The internal loco-

motive skeleton leads to backbone and brain.-Reasons for their dominance

-The primitive vertebrate.

The advance of vertebrates from fish through amphibia and reptiles to
mammals.—The development of skeleton, appendages, circulatory and
respiratory systems, and brain. —Mammals: The oviparous monotremata.
-Marsupials.-Placental mammals.-Development of the placenta.-Prim-
ates.-Arboreal life and the development of the hand.-Comparison of man
with the highest apes.-Recapitulation of the history of man's origin and
development. The sequence of dominant functions.

CHAPTER V

THE HISTORY OF MENTAL DEVELOPMENT AND ITS

SEQUENCE OF FUNCTIONS

113

Mode of investigation.— Intellect. — Sense-perceptions.-Association.—
Inference and understanding.-Rational intelligence.-Modes of mental or
nervous action.-Reflex action, unconscious and comparatively mechanical.
-Instinctive action: The actor is conscious, but guided by heredity.-In-
telligent action.-The actor is conscious, guided by intelligence resulting
from experience or observation.-The will stimulated by motives.—Appe-
tites.—Fear and other prudential considerations.-Care for young and love
of mates.-The dawn of unselfishness.-Motives furnished by the rational
intelligence: Truth, right, duty.—Recapitulation: The will, stimulated by
ever higher motives, is finally to be dominated by unselfishness and love
of truth and righteousness.-These rouse the only inappeasable hunger,
and are capable of indefinite development. —Strength of these motives.—
Their complete dominance the goal of human development.

The reversal of the sequence of functions leads to extermination, degen-
eration, or, rarely, to stagnation.-Natural selection becomes more un-
sparing as we go higher.-Extinction.-Severity of the struggle for life.-
Environment one.-But lower animals come into vital relation with but a
small part of it.—It consists of a myriad of forces, which, as acting on a

given form, may be considered as one grand resultant.-Environment is

thus a power making at first for digestion and reproduction, then for mus-

cular strength and activity, then for shrewdness, finally for unselfishness

and righteousness.-An ultimate "power, not ourselves, making for right-

eousness, a personality. Our knowledge of this personality may be valid,

even though very incomplete.-Religion.-Conformity to the spiritual in

or behind environment is likeness to God.-The conservative tendency in

evolution.

Human environment.-The development of the family as the school of
man's training.-The family as the school of unselfishness and obedience.
-The family as the basis of social life.-Society as an aid to conformity
to environment by increasing intelligence and training conscience.-Mental
and moral heredity.-Personal magnetism.—Man's search for a king.—
The essence of Christianity.-Conformity to environment gives future
supremacy, but often at the cost of present hardship.-Conformity as
obedience to the laws of our being.-Environment best understood through
the study of the human mind.-Productiveness and prospectiveness of
vital capital.—Faith.

CHAPTER VIII

MAN .

. 210

Composed of atoms and molecules, hence subject to chemical and physi-

cal laws.—As a living being.-As an animal.—As a vertebrate.—As a

mammal.—As a social being.—As a personal and moral being.-The con-

flict between the higher and the lower in man.-As a religious being.-As

hero. He has not yet attained.-Future man. He will utilize all his

powers, duly subordinating the lower to the higher.—The triumph of the

common people.

Subject of the Bible.-Man: Body, intellect, heart.-God: Law, sin,

and penalty.-God manifested in Christ.—Salvation, the divine life per-
meating man.—Faith.-Prayer.-Hope.-The Church.-The battle.—The
victory. The crown.

The struggle for existence.-Natural selection.-Correlation of organs.—
Fortuitous variation.—Origin of the fittest.-Nägeli's theory: Initial ten-
dency supreme.-Weismann and the Neo-Darwinians: Natural selection
omnipotent.-The Neo-Lamarckians.-Comparison of the Neo-Darwinian
and the Neo-Lamarckian views.-"Individuality" the controlling power
throughout the life of the organism.-Transmission of special effects of use
and disuse.-Summary.

CHART SHOWING SEQUENCE OF ATTAINMENTS AND

OF DOMINANT FUNCTIONS

PHYLOGENETIC CHART OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 310

309