CHAPTER 21

...

14. necessariis . . . imperatis: after giving (only) the (most) necessary orders.

ad cohortandos milites: this expresses the purpose of the act of the verb decucurrit.

15. quam partem: = eam partem quam; partem is in apposition with milites; whatever part of them chance put in his way; if we read in as part of the text, it would mean in whatever direction chance offered.

perturbarentur

16. devenit: happened to come. 17. uti . . . retinerent sustinerent: substantive clauses of purpose depending on cohortatus; W. 512. 1; B. 295. I; A. 331; H. 565.

virtutis objective genitive with memoriam; W. 351; B. 200; A. 217; H. 440. 2.

18. neu for neve, which is used instead of et ne; B. 282. 1. d; H. 568. 6.

animo: ablative of specification; W. 396; B. 226; A. 253; H. 480. 19. quod . . . aberant: this is the reason why he signum dedit. 20. quam posset than the cast of a javelin; lit. " than that a javelin might be thrown thither"; quam quo = quam ut eo; W. 521, 525; B. 284. 4; A. 320. c; H. 570. I.

...

21. in alteram partem in the other direction, i. e. to the other wing; from the Ioth and 9th legions on the right wing, to the 12th and 7th on the left; see plan.

22. pugnantibus occurrit: found them (already) fighting. No pronoun is needed, because of the inflection of the participle.

23. hostium: connect with animus.

24. ad insignia accommodanda : to put on their decorations, e. g. the crests of their helmets, which showed to which legion a soldier belonged, medals (phalerae) gained by personal valor, and the like.

25. galeas worn hanging on the breast, when the soldier was not engaged in battle.

scutis ablative of separation, or dative; W. 337; B. 188. 2. d); A. 229; H. 427. On the march the shields were carried in cases to protect them from the weather.

26. defuerit: failed, was wanting.

Quam connect with partem; to whatever part (of the field).

27. casu devenit: chanced to come.

28. suis sc. signis: meaning the standard of each man's own cohort or maniple; see Introduction, pages xliv and xlv.

2. rei militaris ratio atque ordo: military science and method. 3. cum causal, introducing resisterent and impediretur; W. 542; B. 286. 2; A. 326; H. 598.

4. aliae alia in parte: some in one place and some in another; W. 437. 2; B. 253. 2; A. 203. c; H. 516. I.

saepibus

...

interiectis ablative absolute, indicating the cause or means of impediretur; W. 397; B. 227. 2. d); A. 255; H. 489. See page 51, lines 14 sqq. The -que attached to saepibus connects resisterent and impediretur.

5. densissimis: very thick; W. 414. 3; B. 240. 2; A. 93. b; H. 498. supra; page 51, lines 9-18.

ante:

6. neque here begins the main clause of the period, of which the verb is poterant, line 8.

certa definite.

7. quid... opus esset: indirect question, subject of provideri ; W. 590; B. 300. I. a); A. 210. 2; 334; H. 649. II.

quaque ablative feminine of quisque.

9. fortunae genitive limiting eventus, antithetic to rerum.

CHAPTER 23

II. in sinistra parte: where Labienus was in command.

acie genitive; this form occurs sometimes in nouns of the 5th declension; B. 52. 3; A. 74. a; H. 134. 2.

12. pilis emissis: see Introduction, page xxxv.

13. Atrebates: object of compulerunt; see page 50, line 18.

14. ea pars: the left of the Roman army.

ex loco superiore: from the high ground to which the Atrebates had

run up from the river.

15. conantes: i. e. Atrebates, object of insecuti.

16. impeditam: embarrassed in the attempt to cross the river.

17. Ipsi: the men of the 9th and 10th legions.

18. locum iniquum: the farther bank where the ground sloped up.

resistentes hostes: accusative.

19. alia in parte : i. e. in the center, in front of the camp.

20. diversae separately; W. 412; B. 239; A. 191; H. 497.

21. Viromanduis: see page 50, line 18.

ex: starting from.

22. totis fere castris: totis has the emphatic position; this separation of totis and castris is a case of hyperbaton; W. 740; B. 350. 11. a); A. 386; H. 751. 5.

23. a... a: in... on.

nudatis the 8th and 11th in front and the 9th and 10th on the left, by leaving their places to pursue the enemy, had exposed the camp, except on the right, where the 12th and 7th still stood.

24. non magno . . . intervallo : at no great distance.

25. confertissimo agmine: ablative of manner.

26. duce Boduognato: ablative absolute.

summam imperi: the chief command.

27. aperto latere: on the exposed flank; this expression ordinarily means the right side, because the left of each man was protected by his shield. By going around the right flank of the legions the Nervii could reach the rear of the Roman camp.

28. summum castrorum locum: the height occupied by the camp.

1. levis armaturae pedites: see Introduction, page xxxviii; armaturae is genitive of quality; W. 354; B. 203; A. 215; H. 440. 3.

hostibus: dative; W. 332; B. 187. III; A. 228; H. 429.

5. decumana porta : see Introduction, page li; the rear of the camp was probably higher than the front toward the Sambre.

6. nostros victores: the center and left wing.

8. respexissent . vidissent: W. 536; B. 288. 1. B; A. 325; H.

600. II.

hostes Nervios.

...

9. praecipites: headlong; it agrees with calones. 54, line 20.

See note to page

eorum qui, etc. refers to the baggage-train coming up with the 13th and 14th legions.

10. clamor: shouting; fremitus: uproar in general; the two words constitute virtually one notion, and therefore oriebatur is singular.

II. alii aliam in partem: each in a different direction; W. 437. 2; B. 253. 2; A. 203. c; H. 516. 1.

perterriti: what is the force of per-? A. 170. c. N ; H. 374. 10. ferebantur reflexive in meaning, not passive; W. 442. 3; B. 256. 1; A. III. a; H. 517.

13. quorum: possessive genitive; virtutis: objective genitive; virtutis opinio: reputation for valor.

14. a civitate: ablative of personal agent with missi; the state is thought of as a collective person.

15. cum : introduces vidissent, line 18; the idea of cause enters largely into this sentence.

66

was filled"; this and the

compleri was filling (being filled), not : following infinitive clauses are objects of vidissent.

16. legiones: the 7th and 12th, on the right wing.

17. Numidas: light-armed troops from Africa.

19. domum: limit of motion; W. 325. 2; B. 182. 1. b); A. 258. 2. b; H. 418, 419. I.

pulsos superatosque : sc. esse; the clause is object of renuntiaverunt. 20. castris impedimentisque: ablative with potitos (esse); W. 387 ; B. 218. 1; A. 249; H. 477. I.

hostes potitos (esse): object of renuntiaverunt.

CHAPTER 25

22. Caesar: subject of processit, page 56, line 9, and iussit, line 11; the participles profectus, line 23, and cohortatus, page 56, line 10, agree with Caesar; the chief subordinate clause is ubi . . . vidit, which is so long that vidit, line 25, is repeated in line 6, page 56.

23. signis: the standards of the cohorts. They were crowded into a confused mass by the sudden onset of the Nervii.

24. sibi ipsos: to each other; ipse agrees with the subject not with the object of a reflexive verb.

sibi . . . impedimento: see page 52, line 7, praesidio impedimentis and note.

25. quartae cohortis: on the left of the line. See Introduction, page xlii, for the arrangement of the cohorts of a legion in battle array. However, we are not sure that the regular order was preserved so far as that in this sudden, desperate fight.

28. in: among.

primipilo: see Introduction, page xxix; connect with confecto, ablative absolute.

PAGE 56

1. Baculo: he survived these wounds and appears again, page 64, line 26, and page 164, line 12.

fortissimo: W. 414. 3; B. 240. 2; A. 93. b; H. 498.

2. iam... non: no longer.

3. tardiores: rather slack; W. 414. 2; B. 240. I; A. 93. a; H. 498. ab novissimis: in the rear; so again in line 8.

4. neque coördinate with et, line 5.

5. ex inferiore loco: i. e. from the river-bank.

6. rem esse in angusto: that the situation was critical.

7. subsidium: reserve; the 13th and 14th legions were still too far off to be of use.

8. militi: dative with a verb of "taking away"; W. 337; B. 188. 2. d); A. 229; H. 427.

eo: adverb.

10. nominatim: Caesar was personally acquainted with a great many even of his private soldiers.

II. signa inferre: to advance.

manipulos laxare: to open out their ranks.

quo: when is quo used to introduce a clause of purpose? W. 507; B. 282. I. a; A. 317. b; H. 568. 7.

12. gladiis: ablative with uti; W. 387; B. 218. 1; A. 249; H. 477. I. Cuius: his, Caesar's.

13. militibus: dative with in-lata; W. 332; B. 187. III; A. 228;

H. 429.

14. in . . . navare: in the utmost personal danger (nevertheless) to do his best.

CHAPTER 26

17. iuxta: next to the 12th, whose situation has just been described. constiterat: was standing.

19. ut . . . inferrent: that the legions (7th and 12th) gradually draw together, face in opposite directions (back to back), and charge the enemy. These substantive clauses are the objects of monuit.

20. aliis alii: to each other.

21. ne: after a verb of "fearing"; W. 516; B. 296. 2; A. 331. ƒ; H. 567. I.

aversi: in their rear, from behind.

ab hoste: the plural of this word is more common than the "collective" singular.

23. legionum duarum : the 13th and 14th.

25. proelio nuntiato: the time of this participle is prior to that of incitato.

cursu incitato: at full speed.

in summo colle... conspiciebantur : i. e. they began to appear over the edge of the hill above the camp.

26. Labienus: at the head of the 9th and 10th legions, he had driven the Atrebates across the river (first part of chapter 23), and captured the enemy's camp ; now he could look back across the valley to the Roman camp. 27. quae res ... gererentur: in direct question.